What Is The Price Knowledge :: essays research papers

What Is the Price Knowledge I feel there is a definite need for knowledge in todays society, but there is also a definite point when it has gone too far. It has gone too far by conducting experiments on people without letting them know the consequences and side effects that will place upon them. It has also reached an extreme when the person becomes physically or mentally impaired after the experiments . I see this treatment as both immoral and unethical; there is no reason to harm a normally healthy person for some advancement in scientific knowledge . In doing research for this paper I have found many examples where humans were used as "guinea pigs" or killed. One example of this misconduct was in 1959 it was a common practice for drug companies to provide samples of experimental drugs, to physicians, who were then paid to gather data on their patients taking the drugs. Physicians throughout the country prescribed there drugs to patients without their knowledge or consent as part of this loosely controlled research. Example of this was the drug sedative thalidomide was given to vast number of pregant women and caused thousands of birth defects in newborn infants. Because of this event, the Kefauver - Harris amendmants to food, drug and cosmetic act were passed requiring informal consent be obtained in the testing of these drugs. Another rascality research project was doctors injected live cancer cells into underprivileged elderly patients without their permission. The research went forward without review by the hospital's research committee and over the objections of three physicians consulted, who argued that the proposed subjects were unfit of giving ample consent to participate. The revealing of the experiment served to make both officials and the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, aware of the shortcomings of procedures in place to protect human subjects. They were further concerned over the public's reaction to revealing of the research and the impact it would have on research generally and the institutions in particular. After a review the Board of Regents disapproved the researchers. They suspended the licenses of Dr.'s Mandel and Southam, but since delayed the suspension and placed the physicians on probation for one year. Another example took place during World War II. The new field of radiation science was at the center of one of the most ambitious and concealed research efforts the world has known Human radiation experiments. They were undertaken in secret to help understand radiation risks to workers engaged in the development of the atomic bomb. Following the war, the new Atomic Energy

Can Officers Effectively Prosecute Domestic Violence Cases Without Vict

When prosecuting criminal domestic violence cases too many officers constructed their entire case only on statements made by the victim. However, â€Å"victims of domestic violence are more likely than victims of other violent crime to recant or refuse to cooperate in prosecutorial efforts† (Breitenbach, 2008, p. 1256). Officers must consider that victims of domestic violence may refuse to testify because of fear of retaliation, intimidation, financial dependence, emotional attachment, and/or because they reunited with the batterer. If the victim refused to testify during court, their statement against the abuser becomes hearsay evidence. Several recent cases have had a huge influence on how those statements and hearsay evidence may be utilized in court without the victim’s testimony. In 2004, the Supreme Court ruled on the case of Crawford v Washington and found that testimonial assertions were not exceptions to the hearsay rule (Breitenbach, 2008). Since the purpose of a testimonial statement was to prove and/or establish facts in a case, the defendant had a right to cross examination of that testimony. This right was termed the Confrontation Clause. Due to the confusion created by the Crawford standard, the Supreme Court provided more parameters in Davis v Washington in June 2006 (Ewing, 2007). Davis established victim accounts as either testimonial or non-testimonial. The courts also believed this included statements taken during the course of an interrogation conducted by law enforcement. If the declarations were acquired by law enforcement to determine an ongoing emergency then they were identified by the court as non-testimonial and not subject to the requirements of the Confrontation Clause. If the statements we... ...ion of the victim. Works Cited Breitenbach, K. G. (2008, Fall). Battling the threat: the successful prosecution of domestic violence after Davis v. Washington. Albany Law Review, 71(4), 1255+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA200252467&v=2.1&u=chazsu_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Byrom, C. E. (2005). The Use of the Excited Utterance Hearsay Exception in the Prosecution of Domestic Violence Cases After Crawford v. Washington. Review Of Litigation, 24(2), 409-428. Ellison, L. L. (2002). Prosecuting Domestic Violence without Victim Participation. Modern Law Review, 65(6), 834-858. Ewing, D. (2007). Prosecuting Batterers in the Wake of Davis and Hammon. American Journal Of Criminal Law, 35(1), 91-106. Pence, E. & Paymar, M. (2001). Domestic violence: The law enforcement response. Minneapolis, MN: Law Enforcement Resource Center.

Childhood memories Essay

The purpose of this essay it to analyze the childhood memories of both Judith Ortiz Cofer and Anwar Accawi past from their stories, the silent dancing and the telephone respectively, who both have complicated early childhood memories. Accawi’s childhood memories are about the changes that were brought by the telephone which led to people moving from the village for opportunities away to make money. He is remorseful for this telephone technology since before it came, people were happy but in his adulthood, he claims that in his adult life he has not been able to find a â€Å"Better Life† than the life in Magadaluna. Accawi’s narrative is created on an adult perspective of regret and humor. He vividly remembers the village destruction as he realizes that the cruelty and idyllic coexist as the human being embodies them. Silent dancing is a story of Cofer in her elementary school through to her high school as they migrated from America to Puerto Rica and vice versa, it discusses the means through which the culture, gender, class and race shape her life without Cofer sounding naive or dogmatic. Her childhood memories are about the depression and discrimination in America due to their color and one day hoped that she would win some respect for her culture and herself. She puts it that â€Å"If you were to stretch that rubbery face, you could find my father’s face and deep within that face- my own† the differences in their childhood memories is that Cofer’s bitter memories are contributed by their movement from their native land in Puerto Rica to America where they face racial discrimination whereas the Accawi’s bitter childhood memories are caused by introduction of the telephone technology that is brought in to Magdaluna that ends up transforming the life of the natives. Another difference in both stories is that Accawi is against the changes that occurred due to technology and wishes that they never occurred while Cofer hopes that things will change in America where she and her culture will be recognized. The village of Magdaluna is simple with no new technology. There are no even calendars and people tell about certain times through extraordinary occurrences like earthquakes and birth of certain people. The children did odd jobs for the adults to earn little money and Accawi was very contented with this way of life. Accawi was happy and assumed that everybody else was happy too without the advantages of the technology. After the coming of the telephone, the way of life of the village of Magdaluna changed since people began to worship the phone. The villagers would gather around the phone waiting for any news and for job opportunities. As time passed by more people gathered around the telephone and more villagers emigrated from Magdaluna and this irritated some villagers like Accawi. .Judith Ortiz Cofer recounts the experiences of her upbringing in a chain of chronologically arranged vignettes that details her way of life as a little girl shuttled forth and back between her grandma’s casa in Puerto Rican village and the family’s American home at Paterson in New Jersey. Ortiz Cofer’s father worked in the United States Navy shipyards of Brooklyn Yard, a profession that required him to abandon his family for several months at different time. Worried about the safety of his family and mindful of his companion’s regular longing for the island, he regularly sends his wife (companion) and offspring to their local land located in Puerto Rico regularly. The narrative explains the life of Cofer as she grew against the cultural switch backs. Her past childhood memories involve the sadness, racial discrimination and depression in America where they lived in El Building which hosted many foreigners but they could not interact but it is the â€Å"But the pipes were also a connection to all the other lives being lived around us† and her mother â€Å"had been given strict orders by my father to keep the doors locked, the noise down, ourselves to ourselves†. She remembers a certain moment when her father was referred to as a Cuban but when he said that he was a Puerto Rican the other responded by shouting to Cofer’s father â€Å"same shit†. Cofer’s home life anchored her to the Puerto Rico’s past while the US remained her home. The sad childhood memories are passed from generation to generation in what is said to be the â€Å"Rubbery face† and Cofer hopes that the misery will end. At home she was a Spanish while outside home she spoke in English and she was always told that she sounded like a â€Å"gringa†. One of the mentors for this lady is her grandmother who is also very strict. Both childhood experiences are greatly contributed by their grandparents. Both stories show the reader how the present culture evolved. Cofer’s stories shows how the American culture is a product of many other cultures while Accawi’s story shows how western civilization changed the farming village at Magdaluna in Lebanese.

Creativity and innovation

Today, MM is a multinational powerhouse, with more than $23 billion in annual sales across a product line 50,000 deep, from adhesives to optical film. It boasts 22,800 patents, many derived from its 15 percent program. The program has been key to m's business strategy and could be a model for other companies eager to innovate (Bogged, 2010). 2. 0 Contents 2. 1 Issues of MM 2. 1. 1 Structure in Relation to Innovation MM Company established in 1902 in Minnesota, United States, with more than 35 business units in America, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia.Its line of business includes sandpapers for abrasives, wet and dry papers etc. The company has a good structure which enable them to overcome the setback they had at their first market entrance, of which they come out with new creative technique to innovate ideas together, as a result of the structure of its employees to work together, the company had a major breakthrough in the global market. m's structure is finely well- position ed to accommodate growth and enable it to respond quickly to its rapidly- changing business demands.Conventional research on organizational innovativeness has explored the determinants of an organization's propensity to innovate. Although researchers have analyses the influence of individual, organizational and environmental variables, most of the research has focused on organizational structure. Within the field of organizational structure theories, there has been a long tradition of investigating the links between environment, structures and organizational innovation. Several studies have shown how certain organizational structures facilitate the creation of new products and processes, especially in relation to fast changing environments.The work of micro-economists in the field of strategy emphasizes the superiority of certain organizational structures such as; flat organizational structure, which is similar to the structure adopted by MM ever the tall organizational structure, w hich is similar to the traditional structure used by the company. These economists argue that flat organizational structure helps an organization to become more innovative, because it enables all the members of the company to take part in its decision making process (Bernard, 2011).Similarly, contingency theory argues that the most appropriate structure for an organization is the one that gives its employees the opportunity to take part in its decision making process. This is mainly a flat organizational structure. This structure enables the employees of the company to directly inform the management of any new ideas they have without any form of bureaucracy to discourage them or slow the process (Bernard, 2011). 2. 1. Leadership Relation to Innovation Goal achieved through the company to become a global spread as widely from America to include all continents, it means that the leadership was wise and act with tact, simply that the leadership of MM was commitment and role models, bef ore they are statements and opinions without plan. The executive manager was painting a picture in his mind about the perfect ways for employees what they should be in the many, the focus of leadership was the ability to influence the workers and employees by motivating them to seek enthusiasm and commitment to achieve the targets.Opinion of the author that the behaviors practiced by executive manager with the workers and staff was effective approach, were his interaction with clear steps as planned already, the most important characteristics is coordination and organization and urged the workers to complete the work on time, and provided them with a great degree of satisfaction and degree of coherence of the group.Such an environment can be more effective than monetary incentives in sustaining innovation. The executive manager made explicit steps to foster an innovation culture based on trust among employees, in this environment the staff can be effective in sustaining innovation a nd the executive manager made clear steps to encourage and foster an innovation culture based on the basis of trust between staff and employees.According to (Woodlot & Horny, 2002). Thinking in regularity and logical leading to organizational focus and thinking before planning and about planning is a natural evolution expresses minds, Requires basically to be clear on what we want to do at all levels for internal and external affairs And then put the appropriate plans and system for monitoring To make sure of doing things to the fullest is fine. Barnum, 2004) shows the main thing is focus to well Planning and it is what makes the Plan an effective strategy to innovate the most important things and focus is necessary to organizational success . 2. 1. 3 Linkages and Networking to Innovation The most important characteristic of the company MM is to communicate with the global and local communities and looking for the needs and interests of the customers, MM has established many of the communication skills to meet customers and hear their views.M has hired a staff to service the customers with dignity and respect and to feel the customers satisfied after the communicate with them by providing clear and sufficient information either through direct talks informally, or via email and so on. The company did not reach to the global of non-understanding of customer needs and engage them in innovation and give their opinions and their views.In cases of opening up new areas MM used the ideas and opinions of customers from outside the company as part of the development team for blending views and engaging them as part of the development team to mix views. Linking research and experience with customers led to enhance the level of customer satisfaction and knowledge of the product and how to meet its needs and helped to define the identity of the company not only meet the needs of customers but extend to many of the ideas that rise to the concept of creating a response to th e wishes of the expected customers.Thus, these methods have served and satisfied the customers ,have increased activity and effectiveness of the company (Stern, 2001). The variations between regional patterns and national of technology development fleets the significance of external economic and non-economic factors that encourage the interactions of creative on all kinds of the community, which leads to economy into â€Å"virtuous circle† of technological development. . 0 Analyze difficulties in using MM in different cultural situation Depending on the country of the author (Syria) has many advantages, including the presence of an important human resources and skills in the labor market academically and technically need to support and appropriate guidance to get the benefit desired and required from fresh graduate of colleges as well as international experts of Syrian origin.The establishment a futuristic company ( AZIZA ) the author will face many obstacles, including chall enges related to community and economic environment and investment and business owners. Challenges related to the majority of the community members-the community in general aspiring to reach higher ranks of government and minimizing the importance of managing a business career as an option. Where the failure is treated always in a negative way and the entrepreneur in the case of failure Just for once-is considered human being failed a lifetime which limits innovation and development.In Syria, there is the problem of routine and bureaucracy in all sectors where high proportions in the institutions of the public sector and less in the private sector, which is Considered Bad of the work environment in Syria and must be combated to eliminate them through the process of contributing to the awareness community using modern technology to eliminate routine and bureaucracy and serious contribution to the idea of creating a single window (Haddam, 2012).One of the challenges and not to take fu ll advantage of previous experience and be taken into account as a reference lichen performance of he work, as well as the policy of the state and the economic system in the country, the culture of the community is also full of routine, there is no full advantage of the technology and techniques in the field of electronic daily work, the lack of automation of processes in the offices which leads to lose time, which leads to lack of innovation (Haddam, 2012). . 0 Evidence of reflection on how insights relate to student own situation and how learning might applied in current situation Motivate the staff by a variety of ways. While a employee will rewarded by a rise of pay, another will measure their success wrought a promotion. Also the training could be a strong factor to motivate for the staff, and this also helps them to acquire a new skills. Thereby increasing performance of their Job and stimulates them to creative new things. Adoption of the good incentives stems from a measure of fair and realistic comes the following results : Raising the level of production of employees, which is reflected on the production, cut the company costs by reducing the damage, the spread of a positive atmosphere between the members of the company because of the general sense of attestation and Justice, Increase in the number wishing to Join the company of qualified and creators, and the presence of a picture of a shiny bright and positive of the society (Fedora, 2005).What draw the attention of the author also is a constant quest of MM Company in the preparation of future plans for the administration the transitional phase. According to (Donald, 2012), organizational transition management is an approach to changing an organization situation from a current state to a desired future state. It is an organizational process aimed at helping to hanged stakeholders to accept and embrace changes in their business environment.Similarly, (Cotter, 2011) defines transition management as t he utilization of basic structures and tools to control any organizational change effort. Change management's goal is to minimize the change impacts on workers and avoid distractions. Examples of organizational change include; Mission changes, Strategic changes, Structural changes, Technological changes, and Changing the attitudes and behaviors of employees.As a multidisciplinary practice that has evolved as a result of scholarly research, Organizational Transition Management should begin with a hysteretic diagnosis of the current situation, in order to determine both the need for change and the capability to change. The objectives, content, and process of change should all be specified as part of the Transition Management Plan (Gaffer, 2012). Transition Management processes may include creative marketing to enable communication between change audiences, but also deep social understanding about leadership's styles and group dynamics.As a visible track on transformation projects, Org anizational Transition Management aligns groups' expectations, communicates, integrates teams and manages people training. It makes use of performance metrics, such as financial results, operational efficiency, leadership commitment, communication effectiveness, and the perceived need for change to design appropriate strategies, in order to avoid change failures (Gaffer, 2012).According to ( Kings, 2012), successful transition management is more likely to occur if the following are included: ; Benefits management and realization to define measurable stakeholder aims, create a business case for their achievement (which should be continuously updated), and monitor assumptions, risks, dependencies, sots, return on investment, ad's-benefits and cultural issues affecting the progress of the associated work. Effective Communications that informs various stakeholders of the reasons for the change, the benefits of successful implementation, as well as the details of the change (when? Where? Who is involved? How much will it cost? Etc. ). ; Devise an effective education, training and/or skills upgrading scheme for the organization. ; Counter resistance from the employees of companies and align them to overall strategic direction of the organization. ; Provide personal counseling (if squired) to alleviate any change-related fears. Monitoring of the implementation and fine-tuning as required. The corporation is like a tree that grows from its roots, core products are nourished by competencies and engender business units, whose fruit are products. Three tests are proposed to identify core competencies in an organization: a core competence provides potential access to a wide variety of markets, it should make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product, and finally a core competence should be difficult for competitors to imitate.The core products provide a tangible link between identified core competencies and the end products. Organiza tions need to build their strategies within different clear scenarios, in different ways, based on different competencies for the purposes of achieving real advantages in the shadow of unknown, risk, and uncertain future (Canon, 2011). 5. 0 Discussion of challenges in transforming their learning into action given their particular strength and limitations This case study taught the author the importance of organizational change and how it helps an organization to become more innovative and competitive.It also helped the author to learn a detailed method of implementing organizational change, in order to avoid any form of disruption or problem in the process. This include; Prepare, Plan, Design, implement, Operate, and Optimize processes. In addition, this research helped the author to learn the importance of focus strategy and core competency and how they help an organization to become very competitive in their respective industries. The author also learned the disadvantages of indiv idual work and how it negatively affects the productivity and innovativeness of organizations.In the author endeavourers as a future manager, will apply this methodology whenever it deems necessary by adopting the strategy and processes used by MM – Prepare, Plan, Design, implement, Operate, and Optimize processes. This is because; the method will enable him to assess and align the organization's threshold capabilities with its strategy before implementing it. The strategy will also help to avoid individual work and equally help the organization to focus on its core competency, thereby gaining more competitive advantage over its competitors.The challenges that the author may face when applying this insight as a manager in future could be inadequate skilful employees and employees' resistance to change. However, the author will resolve this issue by ensuring that the employees of the organization are encouraged to adapt to the change resulting from the new strategy implementat ion through rewards and training on the importance of the change to them and the organization. By so doing, the organization will always successfully implement any form of strategy relevant to its success and growth. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, MM is a very successful organization and a market leader, because of TTS ability to adopt new processes and adapt to the changes resulting from it. This also makes it to innovative very often, because it employees tend to be exposed to various operational processes, which helps them to constantly think of new ways to carry out their tasks. It also enables its employees to be constantly trained in various areas, thereby helping them to learn and transfer new knowledge, skills, attitudes, and abilities to their Jobs. Creativity and innovation Today, MM is a multinational powerhouse, with more than $23 billion in annual sales across a product line 50,000 deep, from adhesives to optical film. It boasts 22,800 patents, many derived from its 15 percent program. The program has been key to m's business strategy and could be a model for other companies eager to innovate (Bogged, 2010). 2. 0 Contents 2. 1 Issues of MM 2. 1. 1 Structure in Relation to Innovation MM Company established in 1902 in Minnesota, United States, with more than 35 business units in America, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia.Its line of business includes sandpapers for abrasives, wet and dry papers etc. The company has a good structure which enable them to overcome the setback they had at their first market entrance, of which they come out with new creative technique to innovate ideas together, as a result of the structure of its employees to work together, the company had a major breakthrough in the global market. m's structure is finely well- position ed to accommodate growth and enable it to respond quickly to its rapidly- changing business demands.Conventional research on organizational innovativeness has explored the determinants of an organization's propensity to innovate. Although researchers have analyses the influence of individual, organizational and environmental variables, most of the research has focused on organizational structure. Within the field of organizational structure theories, there has been a long tradition of investigating the links between environment, structures and organizational innovation. Several studies have shown how certain organizational structures facilitate the creation of new products and processes, especially in relation to fast changing environments.The work of micro-economists in the field of strategy emphasizes the superiority of certain organizational structures such as; flat organizational structure, which is similar to the structure adopted by MM ever the tall organizational structure, w hich is similar to the traditional structure used by the company. These economists argue that flat organizational structure helps an organization to become more innovative, because it enables all the members of the company to take part in its decision making process (Bernard, 2011).Similarly, contingency theory argues that the most appropriate structure for an organization is the one that gives its employees the opportunity to take part in its decision making process. This is mainly a flat organizational structure. This structure enables the employees of the company to directly inform the management of any new ideas they have without any form of bureaucracy to discourage them or slow the process (Bernard, 2011). 2. 1. Leadership Relation to Innovation Goal achieved through the company to become a global spread as widely from America to include all continents, it means that the leadership was wise and act with tact, simply that the leadership of MM was commitment and role models, bef ore they are statements and opinions without plan. The executive manager was painting a picture in his mind about the perfect ways for employees what they should be in the many, the focus of leadership was the ability to influence the workers and employees by motivating them to seek enthusiasm and commitment to achieve the targets.Opinion of the author that the behaviors practiced by executive manager with the workers and staff was effective approach, were his interaction with clear steps as planned already, the most important characteristics is coordination and organization and urged the workers to complete the work on time, and provided them with a great degree of satisfaction and degree of coherence of the group.Such an environment can be more effective than monetary incentives in sustaining innovation. The executive manager made explicit steps to foster an innovation culture based on trust among employees, in this environment the staff can be effective in sustaining innovation a nd the executive manager made clear steps to encourage and foster an innovation culture based on the basis of trust between staff and employees.According to (Woodlot & Horny, 2002). Thinking in regularity and logical leading to organizational focus and thinking before planning and about planning is a natural evolution expresses minds, Requires basically to be clear on what we want to do at all levels for internal and external affairs And then put the appropriate plans and system for monitoring To make sure of doing things to the fullest is fine. Barnum, 2004) shows the main thing is focus to well Planning and it is what makes the Plan an effective strategy to innovate the most important things and focus is necessary to organizational success . 2. 1. 3 Linkages and Networking to Innovation The most important characteristic of the company MM is to communicate with the global and local communities and looking for the needs and interests of the customers, MM has established many of the communication skills to meet customers and hear their views.M has hired a staff to service the customers with dignity and respect and to feel the customers satisfied after the communicate with them by providing clear and sufficient information either through direct talks informally, or via email and so on. The company did not reach to the global of non-understanding of customer needs and engage them in innovation and give their opinions and their views.In cases of opening up new areas MM used the ideas and opinions of customers from outside the company as part of the development team for blending views and engaging them as part of the development team to mix views. Linking research and experience with customers led to enhance the level of customer satisfaction and knowledge of the product and how to meet its needs and helped to define the identity of the company not only meet the needs of customers but extend to many of the ideas that rise to the concept of creating a response to th e wishes of the expected customers.Thus, these methods have served and satisfied the customers ,have increased activity and effectiveness of the company (Stern, 2001). The variations between regional patterns and national of technology development fleets the significance of external economic and non-economic factors that encourage the interactions of creative on all kinds of the community, which leads to economy into â€Å"virtuous circle† of technological development. . 0 Analyze difficulties in using MM in different cultural situation Depending on the country of the author (Syria) has many advantages, including the presence of an important human resources and skills in the labor market academically and technically need to support and appropriate guidance to get the benefit desired and required from fresh graduate of colleges as well as international experts of Syrian origin.The establishment a futuristic company ( AZIZA ) the author will face many obstacles, including chall enges related to community and economic environment and investment and business owners. Challenges related to the majority of the community members-the community in general aspiring to reach higher ranks of government and minimizing the importance of managing a business career as an option. Where the failure is treated always in a negative way and the entrepreneur in the case of failure Just for once-is considered human being failed a lifetime which limits innovation and development.In Syria, there is the problem of routine and bureaucracy in all sectors where high proportions in the institutions of the public sector and less in the private sector, which is Considered Bad of the work environment in Syria and must be combated to eliminate them through the process of contributing to the awareness community using modern technology to eliminate routine and bureaucracy and serious contribution to the idea of creating a single window (Haddam, 2012).One of the challenges and not to take fu ll advantage of previous experience and be taken into account as a reference lichen performance of he work, as well as the policy of the state and the economic system in the country, the culture of the community is also full of routine, there is no full advantage of the technology and techniques in the field of electronic daily work, the lack of automation of processes in the offices which leads to lose time, which leads to lack of innovation (Haddam, 2012). . 0 Evidence of reflection on how insights relate to student own situation and how learning might applied in current situation Motivate the staff by a variety of ways. While a employee will rewarded by a rise of pay, another will measure their success wrought a promotion. Also the training could be a strong factor to motivate for the staff, and this also helps them to acquire a new skills. Thereby increasing performance of their Job and stimulates them to creative new things. Adoption of the good incentives stems from a measure of fair and realistic comes the following results : Raising the level of production of employees, which is reflected on the production, cut the company costs by reducing the damage, the spread of a positive atmosphere between the members of the company because of the general sense of attestation and Justice, Increase in the number wishing to Join the company of qualified and creators, and the presence of a picture of a shiny bright and positive of the society (Fedora, 2005).What draw the attention of the author also is a constant quest of MM Company in the preparation of future plans for the administration the transitional phase. According to (Donald, 2012), organizational transition management is an approach to changing an organization situation from a current state to a desired future state. It is an organizational process aimed at helping to hanged stakeholders to accept and embrace changes in their business environment.Similarly, (Cotter, 2011) defines transition management as t he utilization of basic structures and tools to control any organizational change effort. Change management's goal is to minimize the change impacts on workers and avoid distractions. Examples of organizational change include; Mission changes, Strategic changes, Structural changes, Technological changes, and Changing the attitudes and behaviors of employees.As a multidisciplinary practice that has evolved as a result of scholarly research, Organizational Transition Management should begin with a hysteretic diagnosis of the current situation, in order to determine both the need for change and the capability to change. The objectives, content, and process of change should all be specified as part of the Transition Management Plan (Gaffer, 2012). Transition Management processes may include creative marketing to enable communication between change audiences, but also deep social understanding about leadership's styles and group dynamics.As a visible track on transformation projects, Org anizational Transition Management aligns groups' expectations, communicates, integrates teams and manages people training. It makes use of performance metrics, such as financial results, operational efficiency, leadership commitment, communication effectiveness, and the perceived need for change to design appropriate strategies, in order to avoid change failures (Gaffer, 2012).According to ( Kings, 2012), successful transition management is more likely to occur if the following are included: ; Benefits management and realization to define measurable stakeholder aims, create a business case for their achievement (which should be continuously updated), and monitor assumptions, risks, dependencies, sots, return on investment, ad's-benefits and cultural issues affecting the progress of the associated work. Effective Communications that informs various stakeholders of the reasons for the change, the benefits of successful implementation, as well as the details of the change (when? Where? Who is involved? How much will it cost? Etc. ). ; Devise an effective education, training and/or skills upgrading scheme for the organization. ; Counter resistance from the employees of companies and align them to overall strategic direction of the organization. ; Provide personal counseling (if squired) to alleviate any change-related fears. Monitoring of the implementation and fine-tuning as required. The corporation is like a tree that grows from its roots, core products are nourished by competencies and engender business units, whose fruit are products. Three tests are proposed to identify core competencies in an organization: a core competence provides potential access to a wide variety of markets, it should make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product, and finally a core competence should be difficult for competitors to imitate.The core products provide a tangible link between identified core competencies and the end products. Organiza tions need to build their strategies within different clear scenarios, in different ways, based on different competencies for the purposes of achieving real advantages in the shadow of unknown, risk, and uncertain future (Canon, 2011). 5. 0 Discussion of challenges in transforming their learning into action given their particular strength and limitations This case study taught the author the importance of organizational change and how it helps an organization to become more innovative and competitive.It also helped the author to learn a detailed method of implementing organizational change, in order to avoid any form of disruption or problem in the process. This include; Prepare, Plan, Design, implement, Operate, and Optimize processes. In addition, this research helped the author to learn the importance of focus strategy and core competency and how they help an organization to become very competitive in their respective industries. The author also learned the disadvantages of indiv idual work and how it negatively affects the productivity and innovativeness of organizations.In the author endeavourers as a future manager, will apply this methodology whenever it deems necessary by adopting the strategy and processes used by MM – Prepare, Plan, Design, implement, Operate, and Optimize processes. This is because; the method will enable him to assess and align the organization's threshold capabilities with its strategy before implementing it. The strategy will also help to avoid individual work and equally help the organization to focus on its core competency, thereby gaining more competitive advantage over its competitors.The challenges that the author may face when applying this insight as a manager in future could be inadequate skilful employees and employees' resistance to change. However, the author will resolve this issue by ensuring that the employees of the organization are encouraged to adapt to the change resulting from the new strategy implementat ion through rewards and training on the importance of the change to them and the organization. By so doing, the organization will always successfully implement any form of strategy relevant to its success and growth. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, MM is a very successful organization and a market leader, because of TTS ability to adopt new processes and adapt to the changes resulting from it. This also makes it to innovative very often, because it employees tend to be exposed to various operational processes, which helps them to constantly think of new ways to carry out their tasks. It also enables its employees to be constantly trained in various areas, thereby helping them to learn and transfer new knowledge, skills, attitudes, and abilities to their Jobs.

Factors to Consider When Deciding on Which Market Segment to Venture

Question1(a) Factors to consider when deciding on the segments to serve as a market * Population The density of the people in a given place is a very important aspect to consider when segmenting a market . A densely populated area is usually preferred as a destiny to market the product. * Consumer behaviour How a consumer perceives when purchasing or deciding to purchase a product is very vital. * Social classDifferent consumers have different classes . in this case a seller should consider the class of the various consumers before deciding on which segment to choose or segmenting the consumers into certain target group * Attitude towards the product Different consumers have different perspective about the product in different regions ,consumer’s attitudes about the product in place should be factored in when deciding on the market segment * ReligionDifferent consumers have different religions and in this case some may not consume a certain product based on their religion, a g ood marketer evaluates the demographic and cultural factors before venturing and selecting the appropriate market segment. Question 1(b) Message execution style to capture the target markets attention and interest Packaging style How the goods appear to the consumer influences his/her buying decision ,thus how the labels, container appears determines a lot on how the consumer creates interest in that productBrand name Most consumers have become constituent in in purchasing or consuming certain products and they will always look for these products with the brand name they are used to. Clear descriptions How the product description in terms of how it is used ,its ingredients, determines a lot how that product will capture the attention of the consumers. Shapes and sizes Consumers belong to different classes and how the products are broken down into different sizes and shape determines how that product will capture the attention of the buyer PriceMost consumers prefer a quality product with a reasonable cost ,in this case the seller should consider competitors before setting his/hers price inorder to avoid customer loss through higher prices. Question 2(a) Components of the marketing information systems I. Internal reporting system This involves the records of income ,expenditure, creditor or debtors and consumers II. Marketing intelligence This involves getting information from another different person to get to know whether you are performing in the market or not III.Marketing research This involves identification of a problem and finding a solution to that problem IV. Marketing models This involves the use of time series ,linear programming ,analysis of variance ,progression analysis, sensitivity analysis, in trying how the market operates Uses and functions of public relations to organization a) Used to inform consumers about the new product in the market, through public relation consumers get to know about the new product in the market b) Used to teach the c onsumers on how to use the new product in the market .It is through public relation that the consumers are taught how to use the new product in the market. c) Enables consumers to know where and how to get the organizational goods d) Used in link ling the consumer with the organization thus public relation facilities then bringing of the gap between consumers and the organization Importance of public relation to the organization i) Creates good image of an organization. An organizations image is sustained through public relation. i) Public relations enhances the product awareness that is marketing of organizational product is enhanced iii) Public relations enables the establishment of long and lasting relationship with the consumers iv) Creation of trust about the organizational products by the consumers, due to a close relation by the consumers the organization product will be trusted by the consumers Question 3(. a) Product development process a) Idea generationThe product to be d eveloped is established at this very vital stage ,idea generation can be through archives ,business journals or successful entrepreneurs . b) Idea screening The idea found is measured and its viability weighed before further developments Concept development and testing c) Concept development and screening How to create the product and addition of more features to make the product and testing. d) Business analysis The market is analysed whether the product will fit in the market or not? ) Product development The product itself is then developed that is all the features encompassed to the product and forming the final the product. f) Market testing Product is taken to the market may be taken in samples or the product is fully released to the market g) Communication and adoption After testing the market and finding that it is performing ,large volumes of products are then produced for commercialization 3(b) Methods available to a firm to set their advertising budget Cost analysisA firm considers the various media and avenues to be used and the costs to be associated with each the media to be used should not be too costly to the extent of eating on the profits Market analysis A firm measures the available market and conducts a swot analysis thus a firm will play their advertising budget depending on the competitors ability and the general market competitiveness. Target population A firm will set their advertising budget basing on the geographical area of the targeted population Product natureThe nature of the product will have to be put into consideration when planning for the advertising budget, If the product is highly involved or it is a new product then it requires allocation of more funds. 4(a)Role played by the middlemen in distribution of goods Breaking of bulk Some middlemen may modify the shapes and size of the product into flexible and portable items for ease of transportation or storage. Location Middlemen enable consumers to obtain goods easily by avai ling themselves in strategic places convenient to the consumer. Repackaging of goodsMiddle men pack products into desired packages such as containers Disseminating information Middlemen get first hand information about products from the consumers and submit the data to manufacturing firms for marketing research ,and also giving vital information to the consumers about the product(manufacturer) 4(b)New product pricing strategies a) Cost based strategy A marketer will price the product based on the inputs used when manufacturing the product. b) Competitor based strategy A marketer will price his/her goods based on the price of the competitor goods. c) consumer based strategyA consumer is the king/queen of the market and the marketer will price his goods basing on the willingness and ability of the consumer to purchase that product in that price. d)product based strategy a marketer will price his goods based on the nature of the product Question 5a. major influencers on consumers purch ase behaviour 1. Culture the cultural belief and norms of the consumer will influence his /her purchasing behaviour. 2. Social factors such as the family ,age, occupation will influence a lot on how the consumer will purchase the product. . Personal factors such as the attitude and economic status of the individual will influence his/her decision to purchase a product. 4. Phys logical factors like personal attributes will affect a consumers purchasing behaviour 5b stages in a buyers decision making process for a major purchase a) Awareness a consumer should get to know all about the product he/she wants to purchase b) Interest a consumer then develops the interest for the product. ) Evaluation a consumer will then evaluate the product in questions based on various alternatives d) Trial after a consumer has chosen the right product he/she will then put it on trial e) Adoption if the consumers likes the product he/she will then make a purchase question 6. (a)elements of the promotion mix dvertising Refers to any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas,goods and services of an identified sponsor personal selling refers to face to face persuasion of a prospective buyer to buy a product publicity refers to a non paid promotion of ideas ,presentation of products and doesn’t necessarily need an identified sponsor sales promotion refers to activities that stimulates consumer purchasing 6b. trategies that can be used in the stages of the product lifecycle a) Introduction stage it is the initial stage of product development and its characterised by low sales ,low profit or nil profit the marketing strategy to be employed at this stage is the promotional strategy. b) Growth stage there is a steady rise in profits ,increased sales and established market share at this stage the marketer can diversify the product to increase its outlook and market stability. ) Maturity stage at this stage the profits begin to decline as there new entrances in th e market strategy to be employed here is diversification or turn around. d) Decline stage here the sales become completely low or none ,profits diminish and cost of production super cedes the revenue the best strategy to approach as a marketer or marketing manager is withdrawal from the market or diversification.

Uses of ICT

This section will discuss the background of the study, the statement of the problems, the objectives of the study and the method and limitations of. BACKGROUND. The integration of Information and communication technologies (ICT) into the curriculum is one of the most challenging tasks facing schools. It raises fundamental questions regarding the purposes of schooling and the nature of the curriculum. Information and communication technologies (ICT)—which include radio and television, as well as newer digital technologies such as computers and the Internet—have been touted as potentially powerful enabling tools for educational change and reform. When used appropriately, different ICTs are said to help expand access to education, strengthen the relevance of education to the increasingly digital workplace, and raise educational quality by, among others, helping make teaching and learning into an engaging, active process connected to real life.. The effective integration of ICT into the educational system is a complex, multifaceted process that involves not just technology—indeed, given enough initial capital, getting the technology is the easiest part! —but also curriculum and pedagogy, institutional readiness, teacher competencies, and long-term financing, among others. The positive influence of ICT in schools continues to rise and can no longer be denied. Although, as yet, ICT is by no means at the heart of our education system, it is now widely recognised as an essential tool for learning in the twenty-first century. Indeed, it is vital that today’s children are enabled to take advantage of lifelong learning if they are to survive the constant pattern of change that is likely to mark their working lives. This means not only being comfortable with ICT as a medium, but also being able to exploit its potential to the full and understanding the ways in which ICT can make learning more effective.

Menopausal Symptoms can be controlled, the Natural Way, with Vitamin D Thesis

Menopausal Symptoms can be controlled, the Natural Way, with Vitamin D and E - Thesis Example The symptoms can start to show up many years earlier (MedlinePlus). A Gallup poll of menopausal women conducted in 2002 revealed the four major reasons for medical attention as hot flashes (70%), night sweats (68%), mood disturbances (50%), and sleep disturbances (48%) (Utian, 2005). An estimated 75% to 85% of menopausal women experience vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats (Ohayon, 2006; Umland, 2008). The pathophysiology of hot flashes is uncertain but it is widely accepted that a dysfunction of the central thermoregulatory centers e.g., hypothalamus caused by certain factors might lead to hot flashes (Shansfelt et al., 2002). Diminishing level of circulating estrogen as a result of waning ovarian function during menopause is believed to cause a narrowing of the thermoregulatory threshold between sweating and shivering in the hypothalamus, leading to hot flashes (North American Menopause Society, NAMS, 2004; Mayo Clinic, 2009). Also, according to Mayo Clinic (200 9), rather than low estrogen levels alone, it could be the withdrawal of estrogen occurring during menopause that causes hot flashes. This is in agreement with the observation that hot flashes are predominant at the initial stages of menopause and do not usually continue throughout the postmenopausal period despite circulating estrogens being low (Sturdee, 2008). Norepinephrine and serotonin have also been implicated in the complex neuroendocrine pathway controlling the thermoregulatory zone (Shanafelt et al., 2002). Hot flashes involve the sudden onset of uncomfortable sensation of intense warmth beginning in the chest and moving to the neck and face, or spreading throughout the body. Anxiety, palpitations, profuse sweating, and red blotching of the skin are accompanying symptoms. Among the women experiencing hot flashes, the severity was reported as mild by 50% of the women, moderate by about 33% of the subjects, and 15% had severe hot flashes (Ohayon et al., 2006). Hot flashes ca n have an adverse effect on a woman’s work capacity, social well being, sleep pattern besides her general perception of health (Shansfelt et al., 2002). More than 81% of women experiencing severe hot flashes regularly had symptoms of chronic insomnia as well (Ohayon et al., 2006) since hot flashes often occur at night and cause sleep disruption. It has recently been observed by Szmuilowicz and Manson (2011) that menopausal hot flashes could be a good sign for the heart. Their study reviewed medical information gathered from 60,000 women who were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study and followed for ten years, to determine the relationship between menopause symptoms and cardiovascular events. According to these authors, women who experience severe hot flashes and night sweats may have a lower risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke and death. Their study also revealed that women who experienced symptoms at initial stages of menopause had fewer cardiova scular events than those who experienced hot flashes late in menopause or not at all. The results reported by Szmuilowicz and Manson (2011) assume much importance since menopausal symptoms, being the result of instability of the blood vessels in the skin, have been thought to cause other types of vascular problems as well in women suffering from hot flashes. Vaginal atrophy or the thinning of the vaginal lining