Langston Hughes and Leonardo Da Vinci Essay

My paper is about Langston Hughes and Leonardo Da Vinci and how they have an effect on their readers and their positive aspects on life. Leonardo Da Vinci was born in 1452 in a town named Vinci in Italy. He was a renaissance painter and he painted realistically, he used light and dark colors in his paintings. In his paintings he painted figures without outlining them. He used a style called â€Å"chiaroscuro† and he used light and shadow to give his pictures a 3-D effect. He painted different types of moods in his paintings. Leonardo Da Vinci most famous painting was the Mona Lisa painting. He started the painting in the year 1503. The painting was thought to be a woman name Lisa Gherardini, wife of a Florentine cloth merchant name Francesco Del Giocondo. They also said the reason for her smile was because she was pregnant. During the 1485 to 1490 Leonardo da Vinci was a renaissance painter. The duke from his time kept him busy painting pictures and sculpting and designing elaborate court festivals. He started to study things like nature, flying machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, etc. In this time period most of his studies contained advanced weapons such as a tank and other war vehicles. Between 1490 and 1495 he developed a study in meticulously illustrated notebooks. His worked covered four main themes such as paintings, architecture, the elements of mechanics, and human anatomy. There was an invasion by French and Ludovico Sforza and that left Leonardo to search for a new patron. For the next 16 years Leonardo worked and traveled through Italy for a number of employers. Leonardo was important because he came up with ideas of inventions like flying machines and underwater breathing devices. He also was specialized in fields like arts math science. He was an inventor, artist, and scientist who studied nature of the renaissance. His most famous painting the Mona Lisa made him very famous and it was one of the best paintings in his time. His geographical background didn’t really influence his work. It was mostly nature, flying machines, geometry, mechanics, municipal construction, and etc. He used nature in his art and things that he found interesting to him he would use it and put it in his paintings. For example his Mona Lisa painting was inspired by a female that he knew. One of his famous paintings was â€Å"The Last Supper†. The painting was started on 1508 and was done in the year 1549. This painting got a lot of recognition when it was painted. It was a picture of Jesus with his twelve apostles eating. This is a very famous painting it is used throughout the world and it is held in churches which symbolizes â€Å"The Last Supper.† The last painting I’m going to talk about is â€Å"the Virgin of the Rocks†. This painting was also recognized as a very famous painting. It was started in 1483 and finished in 1486. The painting shows a picture of angels playing a musical instrument which is believed to have been part of the composition that was set into altarpieces. Langston Hughes was an African American poet during the Harlem Renaissance. He was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri and died on May 22, 1967. He was one of the creators of the new literary art form called Jazz poetry. His poetry and books showed the lives of the working class blacks in America and there struggles. One of his main points was Race, Hughes tried to get across to the people and show them that Black is beautiful, fearless, and strong. He was a black writer during the time blackness wasn’t accepted. In his work he confronted racial stereotypes through poetry and his books. All Hughes wanted was for his readers to read his work and start to feel good about themselves and the color of their skin and to know that they are strong and full with courage. I think the main part about race Hughes wanted to get across in his work is that Black Is Beautiful. Another point he was trying to get across in his work is Social Class. Social Class meaning the way blacks were living compared to the way Caucasians were living during the Harlem renaissance. In Hughes’s books he wanted to show or get across the real lives of blacks in the lower class. Most of his poetry and stories showed the lives of the working class blacks in America, and there struggle. Hughes his self-protested with blacks of the lower class social conditions to show that he to understand the struggle and hard times they are going through. They began to call Hughes a people’s poet, because how he helped the people through his writers work and hands on work in the community. The last point his work was based upon was equality. He always felt that no matter what race you are that we all should be treated equal. He believed that chances that a Caucasian person should get another ethnicity should get the same opportunity. He feels if everyone is treated equal that the world would be a better place. These are the three points that Langston was trying to get across in his readings. He talked about race, social class and, equality. He mainly focused on them three points in his writings so he could send his message to his readers who read his poems. Both Langston Hughes and Leonardo da Vinci were renaissance men. They both were very famous poets during their time and still are being talked about throughout the world. They both gave a good aspect on life and both of their work was positive towards their readers. Langston Hughes talked about how all people should be treated the same no matter what race you are. Leonardo Da Vinci drew painting such as the â€Å"The Last Supper† which is a painting of when Jesus had the last supper with his twelve disciples and he announces that one of them betrayed him. References Biography Leonardo Da Vinci. (1996). Bio True story .Retrieved from www.biography .com Biography Langston Hughes. (1996). Bio True story. Retrieved from www.biography.com

Adoption of New Innovations Essay

Consumers go through five stages in the process of adopting a new product: 1. Awareness: The consumer becomes aware of the new product, but lacks information about it. 2. Interest: The consumer seeks information about the new product. 3. Evaluation: The consumer considers whether trying the new product makes sense. 4. Trial: The consumer tries the new product on a small scale to improve his or her estimate its value. 5. Adoption: The consumer decides to make full and regular use of new product. This model suggests that the new-product marketer should think about how to help consumers move through these stages. Individual differences in Innovativeness People differ greatly in their readiness to try new products. In each product area, there are â€Å"consumption pioneers† and early adopters. Other individuals adopt new products much later. Time of Adoption of New Innovations The five adopters groups have differing values. Innovators are venturesome—they try new ideas at some risk. Early adopters are guided by respect—they are opinion leaders in their communities and adopt new ideas early but carefully. The early majority is deliberate—although they rarely are leaders, they adopt new ideas before average person. The late majority is skeptical—they adopt an innovation only after a majority of people have tried it. Finally, laggards are tradition bound—they are suspicious of changes and adopt the innovation only when it has become something of a tradition itself. This adopter classification suggests that an innovating firm should research the characteristics of innovators and early adopters and should direct marketing efforts toward them. In general, innovators tend to be relatively younger, better educated, and higher in income than later adopters and non-adopters.

Explore Shakespeare’s presentation of love in “As You Like It” Essay

Love has always been a foremost feature of the plays written by William Shakespeare and â€Å"As You Like It† is no exception with love regularly being represented throughout the play in a variety of ways. Just like in Shakespeares other works â€Å"As You Like It† is also broken down in to a main plot, which is then accompanied by smaller sub-plots that are scattered thorughout the play. Shakerspeare along with the play â€Å"As You Like It† skillfully uses these plots well to demonstrate various types of love. One variety of love that Shakespeare anylyses deeply is that of courtly love, whose ideas featured heavily around the fact that love brings suffering and agony to the lover and the theory that the male lover is controlled by his mistress to whom he must adhere to. Courtly Love had become a popular subject to write about during Shakespeare’s Elizabethan period and was also strongly evident in english literature for centuries previously. The concept of pastoral romance is also expressed in â€Å"As You Like It† , in which characters in rural countryside areas appear to act freely and joyfully , and this causes relationships to revel successfully and contently. In other words Pastoral romance seems to betray the countryside in stories as some sort of catalyst speeding up the progress and success of overall relationships. On the other hand life in the court seems to lack this optimism and instead living in developed areas (towns, villages, cities etc) seems to damage love between characters due to the stress and demand of court life. This type of romance is also strongly associated with disguise and the thought of characters falling in love with the opposite sex even when in disguise. The love in Shakespeare’s plays was recognised by the public of the Elizabethan period who had a good understanding about how genuine and pure love was between characters along with a good perception of the characters personalities (such as social status) just through the language they spoke during the play. The relationships in â€Å"As You Like It† are tested in one way or another, as most have to overcome obstacles and problems in order to succeed The particular relationships we see in the play symbolize and highlight the variant types of love that William Shakespeare wishes to explore. For example the familial love between the brothers of Orlando and Oliver, Duke Frederick and Duke Senior are emphasized due to the fact that both relationships are struggling and are under much tension when in normal circumstances you would presume this type of Familial relationship to prosper solidily, but alternatively have crumbled consistently. The relationship amid Orlando and his eldest borther, Oliver has reached an even more dire state, due to the recent event of their father Sir Rowland de Boys tragically dying for reasons unknown to us. Since this death of Sir Rowland de Boys Oliver and Orlando have been at conflict over the acts of Oliver who is restricting Orlando from receiving a gentleman’s education even though their father had wished him to have one. Both characters deal with this issue by becoming heated and ill-tempered towards each other. This is shown in Act 1 Scene 1 where Oliver says: â€Å"Wilt thou lay hands on me, villain?† Oliver and Orlando’s relationship changes significantly during the course of the play and it is seen that the countryside and its links to pastoral romance are responsible for the reformation of their relationship. This is true because the turning point of their complex relationship takes place in the countryside to where Orlando’s act of decency, (when he saves Oliver’s life from a viscous Lioness) provokes Oliver to want to become a more amiable person. Also the romantic relationships of the brothers between Rosalind and Celia respectfully seems to show that the concept of pastoral romance is functioning between them and therefore causing them to be more loving people. Understandably this friendly environment causes their own familial relationship to blossom. This transformation in their relationship is represented well when Oliver is delivering Orlando’s bloody handkerchief to Ganymede in Act 4 Scene 2. In this scene he confesses about his shameful past by saying: â€Å"‘Twas I, but ’tis not I. I do not shame To tell you what I was, since my conversion So sweetly tastes, being the thing I am.† This indicates that he is aware that he was in the wrong before, but now values and loves his younger brother, even more so that he obeyed Orlando’s order to deliver his handkerchief. Another familial relationship present in the play is that of Duke Senior and his younger brother Duke Frederick. This particular relationship is struggling due to the fact that Duke Senior has been exiled from the court by his usurping brother Duke Frederick. This unjustified act by Duke Frederick has left the two distant and bitter towards each other. This is shown in Act 2 Scene 3 when Duke Frederick is in the process of exiling Rosalind, the daughter of the banished Duke Senior. Duke Frederick’s tells Rosalind the reason for her being exiled is because: â€Å"Thou art thy father’s daughter. There’s enough.† This shows that there is obviously some hatred between the two brothers, especially on Duke Frederick’s part. Duke Senior and Duke Frederick react to this conflict in contrasting ways. Duke Senior seems to make the most out of the situation he has found himself in to positive effect. He does this to an extent that he’s actually enjoying life away from the court. On the other hand Duke Frederick deals with their dispute by becoming heated and showing irrational behavior (This is shown when out of blue he aggressively orders Rosalind to leave the court and even goes as far as saying he will kill her if she was not to obey) in play. The hatred of Duke Frederick towards Duke Senior is incredibly similar to that of Oliver towards to Orlando, in that there seems to be no obvious reason for why they should detest their brothers so much. But just like Oliver and Orlando, Duke Frederick and Duke Senior’s relationships turns around positively in the latter stages of the play. This turn of events is due to the remarkable change of mind from Duke Frederick who persuaded by an old religious man on the outskirts of the forest to not invade the Forest of Ardenne decides to conclude his search for his brother. Instead, as we’re told by Jacques de Boys in Act 5 Scene 4 that he: â€Å"After some question with him, was converted Both from his enterprise and from the world, His crown bequeathing to his banished brother, And all their lands restored to them again That were with him exiled† This act of love shown by Duke Frederick towards Duke Senior and his company could also be due to the powers the countryside possesses through pastoral romance. This could be explained by the way that Duke Frederick has a dramatic change of heart when entering the forest and he also wants to be â€Å"freed† from court life by deciding to join a monastery. A prominent relationship on display in â€Å"As You Like† is between the inseparable cousins that are Rosalind and Celia. This relationship is under strain mainly just because of the complications surrounding their father’s relationship. They have been brought in to the thick of their father’s own personal conflict due to Duke Frederick’s antics, referring to him wanting to exile Rosalind and consequently separate Rosalind and Celia. Rosalind and Celia respond to the antics of their fathers positively, by promising to each other that they’ll stand by each other religiously through the hard times that are facing them, causing them both to flee from the court together. This united type behavior form the cousins shows the audience that this love is extremely solid and their love for each other is cannot be doubted. This is shown when Celia responds to her fathers actions by saying to Rosalind in Act 1 Scene 3: â€Å"Prithee, be cheerful. Know’st thou not the duke Hath banished me, his daughter?† Furthermore Rosalind and Celia decide to overcome their complications by fleeing to the Forest of Ardenne to find refuge. This seems to work dividends, as when they are in the forest the pair seems more relaxed and joyful than they were when they were generating tentative feelings back at the court. This is shown through the way they act more freely and seem more comfortable expressing their views on topics than they were in the court. They also becoming more suspect to falling in love, and this shows in the way they fall in love with Orlando and Oliver. All this makes one presume that pastoral romance is in progress with this pair. A different type of alliance is show using Adam the servant and Orlando in the play â€Å"As You Like It†. Between these two characters is dutiful love shown from both sides. The obstacle that this exact relationships faces is down to the misbehavior shown from Orlando’s brother Oliver, who Adam says is plotting to kill Orlando. The pair then address this situation in the same way as Celia and Rosalind did, by escaping in to the forest. This is where Adam’s dutiful love is evident when he swears allegiance to Orlando in Act 2 Scene 3 by saying: â€Å"Here is the gold. All this I give you. Let me be your servant.† Theses words are very strong, as Adam shows he will give Orlando everything he has even his fortunes just so that Orlando is able to be content and safe. Further on in the play Orlando also shows loyalty pointing to Adam. This dutiful love is expressed in the way Orlando carries Adam in to shelter and vows to find his poorly servant food; he even makes a fool of himself in front of Duke Senior and his Lords purely in attempting to find his loyal servant some much-needed food. This dutiful love shown on Orlando’s part can be seen in the way he tells Adam in Act 2 Scene 6: â€Å"Come, I will bear thee to some shelter, and thou shalt not die for lack of a dinner if there live anything in this desert† Once again you can say that the concept of pastoral romance has left this pair living happily ever after as it looks to have solved all their problems, which they have now left at the court. A different relationship represented in â€Å"As You Like It† is that of Silvius and Phoebe. In this relationship the love is not shared from Phoebe in contrast to Silvius who seems to be suffering much grief and pain due to his immense and obsessive love for Phoebe. Both characters face their dispute concerning their conflicting views by becoming frustrated, Silvius because he cannot obtain Phoebe’s love and Phoebe because of Silvius constant pleas for her to welcome his fondness for her. The evidence to show that Phoebe does not show the same affection for Silvius can be seen when she comments on how much she’d rather not be in a romantic relationship with Silvius in Act 3 Scene 5 by saying to Celia (dressed as Ganymede): â€Å"Sweet youth, I pray you chide a year together. I had rather hear you chide than this man woo.† This idea that Silvius is suffering thanks to the elements of love is very similar to the objectives of courtly love. Obviously this situation proves problematic for it to be possible for Silvius’s and Pheobe’s relationship to advance, but a few twists occurring at the end of the play enable this couple to surprisingly tie the knot. The events which engineer Silvius and Phoebe to come together can be argued to be thanks to the pastoral romance theme, which is seen on a frequent basis in this play. This is true as pastoral romance is well known for its characters in disguise and it’s the disguise of Rosalind (Ganymede) that actually plays the vital role in bringing Silvius and Phoebe together. Thanks to Rosalind’s slyness Silvius finally is able to be with Phoebe and it seems that she shows some genuine affection towards Silvius. This is noticeable when she says in Act 5 Scene 4 to Silvius: â€Å"I will not eat my word. Now thou art mine, Thy faith my fancy to thee doth combine.† A relationship that does not develop until the tail end of the play â€Å"As You Like It† is between that of Oliver and Celia. Celia who is dressed up as Aliena looks to fall in love with Oliver at first sight and these provides an ironic end for the character Celia in the play. This is an accurate observation, because during the play Celia is seen teasing her dear friend Rosalind about the hastiness about her love for Orlando. This is another classic example of how pastoral romance is a striking feature of the play, because even though Celia has been ridiculing Rosalind love for Orlando it seems that even she is eventually bewitched by the powers of the countryside air and decides to marry a man whom she has just met. A unique relationship in the play is that of Pheobe and Ganymede. This is correct, as Phoebe is falling for Rosalind in disguise, without being informed. The relationship between these two characters is a clear example of the courtly love evident in â€Å"As You Like It†, because of the agony and frustration, which Pheobe endures due to her love Ganymede. Ganymede reacts to Phoebe;s attempts to win her heart by saying in Act 3 Scene 5: â€Å"I pray you, do not fall in love with me, For I am falser than vows made in wine.† This dismissal of Phoebe’s love on Ganymede’s part shows that Ganymede has no interest in Phoebe at all, but despite this in true courtly love fashion Phoebe’s decides to persist with her quest to win Ganymede’s heart. In the end their relationship disintergrates when Phoebe says in Act 5 Scene 4: â€Å"If sight and shape be true, Why then, my love adieu.† The most influential relationship in the whole of the play is beyond doubt that of between Rosalind and Orlando. This is true, as this relationship seems to dictate the course of the storyline. This relationship falls down heavily in to the elements of stereotypical pastoral romantic stories. This is correct, as Orlando seems to endure a lot of agony and pain over the course of the play†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..I will finish this later In conclusion I believe Shakespeare has shown us that men actually behave in the same way as women when in love. The evidence ot prove this is the behaviour of most characters in the play. Most of these characters endure large amounts of suffering

Current_Event_WK1_RES351 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Battle in the History of the Printed Word Essay

Battle in the History of the Printed Word - Essay Example word as a principal vehicle of knowledge and thought, and that without censorship, printed word could be a possible vehicle for subversive political views that can overthrow the government (eds. Darnton and Roche p.3-5). The eighteenth century view of censorship versus free press is different from the current perspective on the said issue. During the Enlightenment era, the promotion of a liberal worldview has been the point of struggle of the people. Old Regime France has controlled the press in the hopes of controlling the perspective of the people on the current governing body. The state was frequently challenged by the people concerning the way they govern and manage the nation. Because of this, the state has established laws of censorship. This was to prevent further uprising and to prevent people from gathering ideas that will eventually bring the end of the absolutist state. This censorship has split the publication world into two, those that adhered to the laws set by the state and those that opposed censorship and went into underground publication. The state was able to put in place censorship laws. Before any material was published, it will undergo an inspection and if the state saw that it may contain subversive ideas, then it will be edited or not published at all. The government has not perfected the system, though, and people found ways around it. Underground published materials circulated throughout France, reaching even more supporters of free press. While the inspectors worked hard in tracking down and preventing seditious material from being circulated, the booksellers pushed to expand their businesses capitalizing on the Enlightenment ideas that have been spreading like wildfire throughout France (Roche p.5). Recent studies of the Enlightenment Period traces the controversial censorship of the Old Regime France. This is to gain a full understanding of the various reasons, influences and impacts of the said issue on the French people, and

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Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Dance - Essay Example Revelations uses the idea of repetition very well since it has minimal basic information that gets expanded and decorated in several ways. The entire piece is also rhythmically soothing. In the entire span of the dance the opening theme of the dancers standing together with their arms rising and falling like swans gets repeated severally. This movement is then developed differently with each scene such as to create variation. In the first scene, the dancers start out together then all of them spread but still sticking to a similar routine. The second scene starts out similarly, but for its development, only three dancers remain on stage. The motions of the dancers are rhythmically soothing as they sway in a manner that makes one want to join in. Revelations soothing rhythm reminded me of water as it flows through a river. In some instances the water flows gently but in the course there are also rapids that break the easy flow with sharp, jerky movements. Dancing in the Rain is spread out and busy as there are several dancers each one of them following a unique pattern. In the entire course of the dance, variation is also widely used with no seeming restrictions as to what movements the dancer can incorporate or not. At one point in the dance, two male dancers are dancing concurrently but each one of them sticking to his routine. At another point in the dance, we see a dancer who focuses on moving his feet as he pulsates his chest. Immediately after him, there steps in another dancer who does a summersault effortlessly and synchronizes it into the rhythm of the dance. Dancing in the Rain reminds one of the workings of a well-oiled machine. Like any machine, different parts serve different functions but all work together seamlessly. It is in line with this that those movements though different, all are in harmony. A careful examination of both Dancing in the Rain and Revelations

Personal Development Plan Template Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Development Plan Template - Essay Example I felt that I wanted to be the one who organizes and plans for the department, who thinks of ways on how to improve the service we provide, who devises programs for the personnel, the patients, and the public. I wanted to be the head of the hospital’s respiratory department. But of course, David Beckham did not reach his status in football by just scoring goals. For certain, it required a lot of hardships and training. And though I have already undergone some of my own, there are still skills that I need to develop to reach my goal, especially because I want to also manage the budget distribution of the department. In football, one does not just have a ball being played by his two feet; he has the ball that makes all the others follow, go where they can support the goal he has in mind—the same goal of the whole team. And this is a characteristic of a football player that I have to develop, my leadership and management skills. Although I am very fond of reading management materials, I know that this is not going to be enough to be the head of the respiratory department. So for that, I have made some plans to meet and, hopefully, exceed the expectations of the hospital administration. As I read once in a Reader’s Digest, â€Å"Education is the cure for all insecurities.† After I receive my master’s degree, I plan to take leadership seminars and management seminars here in Australia, which will include proper budget allocation. However, aside from the knowledge and skills I intend to acquire and/or develop, I realize that becoming the head of a hospital department is a great responsibility. And as any football or any other sports legend has done just to achieve their goals, something or some things need to be sacrificed; mine, is putting off being with a woman I will be with all my life. Some things are just worth sacrificing for and some things worth putting off. However, in football, the reality is that not all kicks,

Bay of Pigs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bay of Pigs - Research Paper Example In fact Castro caused more headaches to America than Soviet Union. Since Cuba was under communist regime, it was indigestible for America to accept the challenges raised by Fidel Castro. Moreover, America was afraid of a possible expansion of communism from Cuban territories to American soil. So they decided to try and expel communism from Cuba’s soil before it enters American soil. â€Å"Out of the 197 invaders were captured 200 of them had been soldiers in Batista's army and 14 of those were wanted for murder in Cuba. Four American pilots and over 100 Cuban invaders were killed in battle† (INVASION at Bay of Pigs). Cuban armed force took only three days to defeat the attempt made by CIA and Cuban exiles. There are many reasons cited for the immediate defeat of CIA trained Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. This paper analyses how well prepared/trained were the CIA trained Cuban exiles who partook in the Bay of Pigs invasion and how did they subsequently fair ag ainst Castro's forces? Five months before the Bay of Pigs invasion, the CIA task force plotting to overthrow Fidel Castro concluded that the invasion was ‘‘unachievable’’ as a covert paramilitary operation, according to a newly discovered unclassified document. But the document, a 300-page internal CIA history, reveals for the first time that the architects themselves foresaw failure during a Nov. 15, 1960, meeting to prepare a briefing for President-elect John F. Kennedy and that they recorded it in a memo (Rosenberg). The above facts clearly show that the Bay of Pigs invasion effort was lost even before it starts. However, still nobody knows why CIA forced Kennedy to continue with this attack even though they were unsure about the possible outcomes. There are many people who believe that the preparations for this invasion were not carefully planned. It was evident before the beginning of the invasion itself that Guerilla wars may not help to expel Castro from power since he was the master of such wars. Vietnam War taught America that Guerilla wars can block even huge military powers from enjoying success in military conflicts. So they thought the lessons learned from Vietnam could be used successfully in Cuba. However, CIA failed to realize that Vietnam Guerillas were far more superior and organized than the Cuban exiles or guerillas. â€Å"It was during the administration of Eisenhower that the United States Government had, in 1954, for the first time, defined and approved the concept of "Covert Operations"† (Prouty). The Cuban mission was the brain child of this concept. As part of this policy, American administration had given full authority to CIA to organize and conduct secret missions against the enemies of America. Cuba was one among the topmost enemies of United States during that time. Moreover, the proximity of communist Cuba around democratic United Sates was indigestible to many of the American politicians. So, ir respective of Democrats or Republicans, American politicians supported any agitations against Cuba and they made use of CIA for conducting America’s missions in Cuba. The preparations for the Bay of Pigs Invasion have started by CIA well before the election victory of Kennedy in 1961. â€Å"President Eisenhower approved the program in March 1960. The CIA set up training camps in Guatemala, and by November the operation had trained a small army for an assault landing and guerilla warfare† (The Bay of Pigs). Even though, CIA tried to keep

Wk5 (31) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wk5 (31) - Essay Example Ethno centricity means that one observes a culture from the point of view of the culture and not necessarily from the point of view of one’s own culture. Lack of Cultural sensitivity can lead to stereotyping. The instance of this or the example of this is the point where people engage in stereotyping without sensitivity. Usually, we see Hollywood movies engage in stereotyping without cultural sensitivity and this often result in caricatures of the people being stereotyped. The stereotyping is more prevalent in popular culture and depictions of public images by generalizing the cultural and racial characteristics to include all members of the group. The skills that I would use include the usage of culture specific jargon and words to describe the culture in non stereotypical fashion. This can be done by an increased awareness of the culture of the others and by an effort and attempt to know the culture of the other without compromising on the factual element. The necessary pre-requisites for such skills would ensure that I can foster cultural sensitivity without engaging in stereotyping. The dimensions that Iveys identifies within the three organizing principles are perception of the self, aculturlization and style of personality. These are the organizing principles around which the concept of the verbal and non-verbal discrepancies is built. Each of the dimensions is important and a good point of study from the view point of observation and interviewing the subjects. The most important behavior to observe is that of the perception of the self as this is often a gateway into the future of the self as compared to the other dimensions that merely touch upon the fringes. The perception of the self is an important starting point for further analysis into the causes of what makes the people behave in a certain way. The specific examples for each kind of dimension are the ways in which the behaviors are influenced by the dimensions. The information

Investment Risk Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Investment Risk Management - Research Paper Example These include the following: an assessment of the factors that contributed to the financial failure of the firm, a discussion and representation of mortgage backed securities and the risks associated with leveraging them to a particularly high degree, in evaluation of management’s role with respect to the collapse of Lehman Brothers, a discussion of the recent debt crisis within the Euro zone and the relevance that Lehman Brothers example provides for this particular scenario, and final evaluation of the role of federal government and seeking to regulate ultimately decrease the incidence of such collapses in the future. Naturally, each of the aforementioned sections will corresponds to a section that provides recommendations and potential solutions that could have otherwise ameliorated the factors involved (Kershaw & Moorhead, 2013). It is the ultimate hope of this particular author that such a level of discussion and analysis will be beneficial to the reader in seeking to gai n a further level of understanding concerning the case of Lehman Brothers and the corresponding importance that this has with respect to other firms in the current market. Firstly, as a function of assessing the factors that contributed to the financial failure of the firm, these are ultimately contingent upon the high exposure of certain types of investments that Lehman Brothers engaged with. Essentially, mortgage backed securities (MBS) were a mainstay of the financial backbone that Lehman Brothers relied upon as a function of funding its continuing operations and providing investment security to its clients (Steele, 2014). However, as a direct result of the fact that these mortgage-backed securities were inherently unstable and essentially directly linked to the solidity of the mortgage market, this represented a lack of diversification and placed investors in an extreme risk of losing sizable parts of

Interconnection Billing System of Grameenphone Ltd. Essay Example for Free

Interconnection Billing System of Grameenphone Ltd. Essay 1.0 Introduction In early 2008, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) announced that reorganization of the country’s telecom interconnection architecture as per International Long Distance Telecommunication Services (ILDTS) Policy 2007 has to be completed by the mid of August, 2008 (BTRC, 2008a). This announcement by the telecom regulator obligated relevant telecom operators (e.g. mobile and fixed networks) to take necessary measures to complete the re-organization task within the deadline while ensuring there is no or minimum subscriber inconvenience and revenue leakage due to this reorganization. Grameenphone Ltd., the largest cell phone operator of the country having a subscriber base of about 17 Million at that period (BTRC, 2008b), had to approach this regulatory directive with great importance as interconnection termination charge is the source of 2nd largest revenue stream for the company (Grameenphone Annual Reports, 2008 – 2011). It launched a cross-functional project to complete the interconnection restructure task smoothly. This Project Team identified prevailing interconnection billing processes and systems of the organization as one of the key improvement areas. It was felt that existing in-house developed tools lacked the flexibility to accommodate the change in network architecture. Management wanted replacement of manual billing related tasks through fully automated systems to ensure faster transactions and generation of customized reports. After through assessment of other alternatives within the allocated budget by experts from relevant cross-functional teams, Intec Interconnection Billing System (IIBS) was procured from one of the leading vendors of the world, Intec Systems Ltd. (CSGI, 2012). This paper focuses on the evaluation of IIBS, a hi-tech information system and its contribution to Grameenphone Ltd., a technology-based organization. Major sources of information are my experiences as a member of this billing system implementation project team and later use it for about 03 years; and interviews and email exchange with core technical persons and other stakeholders of IIBS. In some areas, training materials provided by the billing system vendor and web entries have been consulted as well. 2.0 Overview of Intec Interconnection Billing System 2.1 Telecom Interconnect and Related Facts: Bangladesh Context â€Å"The term Interconnect in the telecommunication world means a business model where different competing telephony providers coexist and interconnect to each other† (4gbilling Inc., 2012). As per Bangladesh Telecommunication Act-2001, any telecom operator must ensure ‘any-to-any’ connectivity so that its subscriber(s) can conveniently communicate with the subscriber(s) of other telecom operator(s) (BTRC, 2001c); as a result, telecom operators interconnect each other directly or through interconnection exchanges (it is the case in Bangladesh after reorganization of national interconnection architecture in 2008) and also establish connectivity with foreign operators through international gateways. Figure 1: Block diagram of Interconnectivity (adapted from ILDTS Policy’07, BTRC 2008a) After establishment of inter-connectivity, telecom operators pay each other interconnection access charges for the traffic (i.e. voice call, SMS, MMS) generated by its subscriber(s) to the other at a rate mutually negotiated or enforced by the regulator. This interconnection payment and associated tasks, e.g. calculation of interconnect traffic volume originated and received, generation of invoices, and validation of other operators’ invoices are dictated by their mutual interconnection agreements and/or relevant directives from the telecom regulators (Interconnection Regulations, 2004). 2.2 Interconnect Billing Systems With the worldwide trend of telecom de-regulation, interconnectivity gets crowded and telecom operators are in need of interconnection billing system offering detailed analysis of interconnection. The objective, of course, is to make â€Å"smart and well informed business decisions to enhance revenue streams† (4gbilling Inc., 2012). The major tasks accomplished by using Interconnect Billing system are: -Inter-operator settlement for traffic exchanged with other operators, -Resolution of interconnection billing disputes, -Generation of various reports; -Detection of various telecom frauds and assist in management of those. 2.3 Technological Features of Intec Interconnect Billing System (IIBS) IIBS lies at the downstream of Mediation Server in the telecom network architecture. It works under client-server model. The servers are powered by HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard, 2011). It has dual server: one houses Database other runs Application (Intec Training Material, 2008). Figure 2: Network Diagram of IIBS (adapted from 4Gbilling Inc., 2012) In the client side computers, there are different modules for invoice generation, reporting, and reconciliation of CDRs from other operator, etc. These clients are connected with the IBS application server using LAN (Local Area Network). Client computers may run Microsoft Windows operating systems. The clients can access IIBS’s application through Graphical User Interface (GUI) or through web-based Oracle Discoverer (a customized tool) says Mr. Raiyan Karim, System Engineer, IBS of Grameenphone Ltd. (Karim, 2012). A team within the Information Technology department are assigned the task to configure and operate IIBS while the users are spread all over the organization ranging from Finance to Regulatory Affairs functions. 2.4 Categorisation of IIBS as Information System As an information system, Intec Interconnect Billing System (IIBS) can be categorised in several perspectives. From hardware perspective (Bocij et al, 2008: Chapter 3), IIBS has the primary capture/ input technology in use is the LAN connectivity with an upstream application server, very powerful CPU as processor, 25 Terabyte online magnetic disk storage and output can be taken through either monitor display, e-document or printed papers. From software perspective (Bocij et al, 2008: Chapter 4), IIBS is an application software, to be specific, application to process large databases containing CDRs. From management-level perspectives (Laudon and Laudon, 2012), IIBS can be categorised mainly as a transaction processing system as it deals with instances of interconnection traffic exchanged (i.e. call/ SMS/ MMS made to received from other operators). This system serves requirements of operational management and but, the outputs from this system has a wider circulation to different management levels even up to top executives mainly due to importance of associated business activity (interconnectivity) for telecommunication industry. From organisational function (Laudon and laudon, 2006) perspectives, IIBS is an Information Technology business area specific information system. It handles digital customer call records for generation of interconnection billing details. From the perspectives of reach (Boddy et al, 2005: 37-38), IIBS is identified as an intra-organisational IS. Though its core use lies within the IT department of Grameenphone, this system is very frequently accessed from other parts of the organizations e.g. Finance, Marketing, Regulatory Affairs, etc. Moreover, as IIBS contributes to achieve overall organisational goals e.g. reliable settlement of interconnection revenue, help in developing market offerings, it can easily be termed as an intra-organisational IS. 3.0 Supported Organisational Processes The organizational processes supported by IIBS can be analysed by using two approaches: a) CIPSODAR model of information system (Heeks, 2011a) and b) usage and applications of computer based IS by organisational level (Bocij et al, 2008: P 45). 3.1 CIPSODAR on IIBS IIBS captures processed CDR (Call Detail Records) from Mediation server (â€Å"a system used to convert data of certain datatypes to other datatypes, usually for billing purposes†, Wikipedia, 2012). These mediated CDRs are feed into IIBS as inputs. Figure 3: IIBS on CIPSODAR model (adapted from Heeks, 2011a) The captured CDRs have to contain at least 06 information fields which are in numeric form (Intec Systems, 2008): i.Unique CDR identification no. associated with each call made to received from other operators, ii.phone no. of call originating subscriber, iii.phone no. of call recipient subscriber, iv.call start time, v.call duration, vi.Intelligent network marking used to identify post-paid or pre-paid subscriber. These mediated CDRs are further processed by IIBS, i.e. classifying based on various pre-set criteria e.g. pre-paid, post-paid, originating operator, terminating operator; sorting thereof based on each criteria, and finally compiling. IIBS has remarkable processing capacity as it handles about 70 Million CDRs in every 6 hours (Karim, 2012). IIBS uses two types of storage: one is online which has huge storage capacity to store CDRS for consecutive 04 months and another is older CDRs which are moved to magnetic tapes for archiving. Output from IIBS is billing details categorized based on interconnect operator, incoming call flow, outgoing call flow, or duration e.g. day-wise or month-wise. Recipients can generate invoice to be issued to other operators or customized reports using the client side invoicing or reporting modules of IIBS. The outputs generated from IIBS data help the organization to decide on its interconnection business strategy e.g. integrate additional interconnect capacity with some operator or formulate business plan e.g. promote calls to other operators by lowering customer charge. Actions include implementation of internal business strategy or contractual obligations of interconnection agreement. The results derived from such actions are inter-operator settlement and dispute resolution for interconnection traffic, gain competitive edge or retain stronghold over market. The outputs from IIBS billing details helps to detect and take action against telecom frauds, to meet regulatory compliance by generating reports for telecom regulator on regularly and ad-hoc basis. It is useful in revenue projection through trend analysis of interconnection traffic. 3.2 Organisational Levels and IIBS As mentioned in earlier section, IIBS mainly functions as transaction processing system and hierarchically destined to serve the operational management. The operations managers ensure processing activities of IIBS. In this level, IIBS serves as a solution to generate reliable invoices, validation of other party invoices, resolution of inter-operator invoiced /data related disputes, and generation of various reports. Figure 4: IIBS different Organisation level (adapted from Bocij et al, 2008) In upper level of the organisational hierarchy, IIBS generated reports serve as tactical tool. Based on interconnection traffic trends and invoices, they generate interconnection revenue forecast, interconnection capacity requirement etc. IIBS reports are consulted by Top Management level also. Settlement of interconnection revenue is a key issue as it counts for the 2nd largest revenue stream of Grameenphone (Grameenphone: 2011). Interconnection traffic volume is a key indicator of customer attractiveness of competitors’ market offerings. Based on the trend of interconnect traffic, business directions are made to product development team. 4.0 Evaluation of Information System Intec Interconnect Billing system (IIBS) may be evaluated from two perspectives: a) IS Cost / benefits model and b) DeLone/ McLean model. 4.1 Benefits and Costs of IIBS Benefits As IIBS is mainly a transaction processing system, its benefits can be better evaluated using Process Benefits Model (Heeks, 2011b). Based on user experiences and discussion with IIBS technical teams (2012), several benefits are being generated from IIBS, along both efficiency and effectiveness categorises. The below table summaries these benefits: Sl.Process BenefitExamples Cited by Stakeholders (Discussion, 2012) 1CheaperIntroduction of IIBS has reduced no. of manpower required to do the task than it was required previously by one-third employees. 2MoreIn comparison to previous ad-hoc system, IIBS processes more CDRS while keeping the resources requirement about the same (except storage). 3QuickerIIBS processed about 70 Million CDRs in 6 hours whereas prior system could process only about 50 Million CDRs at the same time. Invoice generation and processing of other party CDRs for the purpose of interconnect dispute resolution has become faster. 4BetterPreviously CDRs were processed through manual systems. That system lacked consistency in interconnect billing reporting due to its business logic. 5NewIIBS has introduced Graphical user Interface for the clients which help them to generate customized reports on interconnectivity round the clock. Previously, the reporting was made ad-hoc basis as per requirement from Project Team Table 1: Benefits of Information Systems (Heeks, 2011b) Costs of IIBS Costs of an information system can be measured in 03 criteria: i) implementation costs: measured in financial terms; ii) operational costs : both financial and unexpected outcomes, and iii) loss of previous operational benefits (Heeks, 2011b). Costs of IIBS in this view: Sl.CostExamples Cited by Stakeholders (discussion, 2012) 1.Implementation CostsImplementation of IIBS has cost the organization about 1.2 Million USD as payment to vendor, Intec Systems (IIBS Business Case, 2008). 2.Operational Costs (inc. Problems)IIBS requires about slightly higher (1~3%) storage for processing of CDRs in comparison to previous system. 3.Previous operational benefits lostIn case of prior billing solutions, modification could be done by internal experts, now change request needs to be made with the vendor which is expensive after free service period. Table 2: Costs of Information Systems (Heeks, 2011b) 4.2 DeLone McLean Multi-Perspective Evaluation DeLone McLean (1992) have described one of the most popular models of evaluating success of information systems (Heeks, 2011b). Figure 5: Multiple perspectives on IS success/failure– DeLone McLean (1992) DeLone McLean model can be measured suggested by Boddy et al (2005). 4.2.1 System Quality These are the required features and characteristics of the information system (Heeks, 2011b). In the case of IIBS, as per IT experts and users from other business functions (Discussion, 2012), it is reliable, includes enhanced features both in terms of system operation and output generation and the response time is also considerably faster . 4.2.2 Information Quality â€Å"Information quality concerns the characteristics of the information produced by the system† (Heeks, 2011b). In the case of IIBS, outputs generated are (invoices and various reports) are clear to interpret, quite high on completeness to serve intended purposes, and useful and accurate, except a few rare cases. Grameenphone RAFM (Revenue Assurance Fraud Management) team validates output of IIBS to be highly satisfactory. 4.2.3 Use and user satisfaction â€Å"Use and user satisfaction are concerned with the interaction between the information produced by the system and the recipients† (Heeks, 2011b) IIBS, being an integral part of Grameenphone’s interconnection system, it is used in daily basis for the whole period required to process interconnect CDRs for the concerned day and to serve report requests from cross-functional teams. Information necessary to make a revenue projection or serve regulatory report requests on monthly or ad-hoc basis are served timely basis from the system. Users are overall satisfied with IIBS but they would prefer if the system had flexibility of producing further customized reports. Except very few cases, the information required vs. delivered from IIBS had no significant deviation. The Graphical user interface, easy maintenance, easily scalable, and web-based access are few contributing factors to user satisfaction. Software satisfaction is quite high amongst regular users while occasional users found the interface a difficult to use. 4.2.4Individual impact It â€Å"relates to the extent to which the information produced by the system influences or affects decisions† (Heeks, 2011b). Reports generated from IIBS system are quite helpful to identify any problem in the area of interconnectivity and normally decisions made are correct. These decisions are quite effective also. Usually key points are placed to top management weekly basis. Productivity improvement in interconnected areas is remarkable. It allows observing trend of interconnection traffic generated and received ant to decide on optimal interconnection capacity, etc. By these measures for other decision issues e.g. market attractiveness of other operators customer charge are not in that brighter side as there are many relevant factors therein. 4.2.5 Organisational impact It â€Å"measures the effect of the information produced by the system on organisational performance† (Heeks, 2011b). Interconnection is a regulatory compliance issue and it also generates revenue of about 100 Mn. USD for Grameenphone (Grameenphone, 2011). Considering this importance of interconnectivity for Grameenphone, it may be concluded that the organizational impact of IIBS is significant. The investments made vs. benefits enjoyed from IBS (e.g. lower processing time, timely invoicing to ensure timely revenue settlement) are in quite positive side. In overall evaluation, IIBS is a successful information system meeting the requirements of stakeholders and also exceeding the costs by benefits in great margin. 5.0 Factors for Success of IIBS A large number of information systems fail to achieve the desired objectives, especially in the developing countries. In this context, success of Intec Interconnect Billing System (IIBS) in Grameenphone Ltd. is quite remarkable. We can analyse the causes behind the success using 1) IS Implementation Outcome Model (Laudon and Laudon, 2006) and 2) Design-Reality Gap analysis using ITPOSMO (Heeks, 2011c). 5.1 Information System Implementation Outcome Model In the ninth edition of their book, summary model of information systems success and failure factors were presented by Laudon and Laudon (2006). Figure 6: IS Implementation Outcome Model (Laudon and Laudon, 2006) Applying the model on IIBS, we can come up with following: †¢User involvement and influence: In the requirement finalization stage during procurement of interconnection billing system in Grameenphone, actual users were member of the cross functional team and their views were taken with great importance. Later, these requirements were used as reference to select the vendor and customization negotiated with them. †¢Management support: Required management support was available during implementation of IIBS in Grameenphone. The project team was highly empowered having Chief Information Officer as Project Sponsor and other senior managers in the Project Steering Committee. †¢Level of complexity/risk: Though IIBS is a high-tech information system, it is highly structured, and the project team had required technical capacities on-board. †¢Management of the implementation process: IIBS was endowed with required financial and human resources and proper training sessions was arranged also. 5.2 Design-Reality Gap Analysis of IIBS Though IIBS is considered to be a successful information system, the system can be improved in some areas, observations by internal stakeholders (Discussions, 2012). These areas include re-shape the GUI to be more user friendly in perspectives of non-IT users. Reducing the storage requirement a bit can directly benefit in terms of saving expensive storage capacity. These can be attributed to the gap between information system design and reality i.e. actual implementation of the system (Heeks, 2011c). The Dimensions of design—reality gaps for IIBS can be analysed using ITPOSMO model (Heeks, 2011c: Figure 7: Design—reality gap model to analyse IS Success/Failure (Heeks, 2011) 5.2.1 Information Dimension: Gap Rating 2.0 The system design assumed that the inputs to IIBS (processed CDRs from Mediation server) will always be in right format. But, very occasionally, there were CDRs from mediation in wrong format or missing one or more key fields. These unprocessed CDRs were stored in the error bucket and required special processing by System Engineers later on. 5.2.2 Technology Dimension: Gap Rating 3.0 The technological design contributed to gain buy-in of overall user satisfaction for IIBS. The processing of CDR files was quicker than previous system. It also contributed in reducing man-hour required to configure and operate the system. But, in the areas of storage requirement and design of graphical user interface (GUI), there are gaps between expectation and reality. 5.2.3 Process Dimension: Gap Rating 3.0 The business processes were supportive to desired functioning of IIBS. The system produced invoices and customized reports as desired. Though, there are some requirements to be able to further customize the reporting modules. Sometimes, there are hiccups in generations of output also. 5.2.4 The objectives and values dimension: Gap Rating 4.0 Decision to procure IIBS was made by a cross-functional team having relevant experiences and expertise. It was decided to further enrich the system by adding additional features to it so that it can handle settlement for mobile contents/ value added services with the respective content or value added service providers. But, even after 03 years of successful operation of IIBS, these additional features have not been included yet (Karim, 2012). It is assumed that potential personal interest may contribute to this non-inclusion of mobile content/ VAS related features to IIBS. Notably, currently these settlements are handled by an IT manager having a team of 05 employees whereas if the features included to IIBS, the whole processing would require no or utmost 01 employee from this team. 5.2.5 Staffing and skills: Gap Rating 2.0 The organization had competent staff experienced with configuration, operation, maintenance of interconnect billing systems. Moreover, to get them acknowledged with the new system, required training was provided by the vendor. 5.2.6 Management systems and structures Gap Rating 2.0 Introduction of IIBS helped in reducing manpower required to run similar systems previously and following that management hierarchy in IT department was simplified. 5.2.7 Other resources: Gap Rating 2.0 In other dimensions, IIBS helped in saving processing time comparison to previous system. With increased efficiency, it contributed in monetary terms as well. 5.2.8 Overall: Total gap score is 18 for IIBS. There is an insignificant design-reality gap for the system with none being a possible cause of failure. 6.0 Conclusion Grameenphone Ltd. implemented Intec Interconnect Billing System (IIBS) for about 4 years (since August, 2008 to till now). The major objectives of the system were to ensure accurate and quicker settlement for interconnection traffic with interconnected operators in a complicated network architecture and resolution of related disputes in timely fashion. It also aimed to generate required customized reports for users from different business functions of the organization and for managers of different organisational levels. In consideration of stakeholder views towards IIBS and its analyses through various theoretical models, the system is an example of successful information systems. The major contributing factors behind the success are insignificant gap between design and reality. And creation of this favourable scenario is attributed to good practices of information system implementation e.g. empowered involvement of users, management commitment, and availability of key resources, etc. 7.0 References 4GBILLING INC., Interconnect Billing – Overview [Online]. Available: http://4gbilling.com/interconnect.html [Accessed 21 April, 2012] Bocij, Paul, Andrew Greasley and Simon Hickie (2008) Business Information Systems: Technology, Development and Management, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River Boddy, D., Boonstra, A. Kennedy, G. (2005) Managing Information Systems: An Organisational Perspective, 2nd edn, Pearson Education Limited, London BTRC, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (2008) ILDTS Policy-2007 [Online].Available:http://www.btrc.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=153Itemid=259 [Accessed 10 April, 2012] BTRC, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (2008) Mobile Phone Subscribers in Bangladesh [Online]. Available:

Communicating Information in the Scientific Workplace

Communicating Information in the Scientific Workplace Procedures and Practices The work carried out in a lab is greatly depended on communication between the people working in it, to ensure instructions are given and receive accurately and applicably. This is extremely crucial in a scientific work place because poor communication in a science lab between the workers leads to not getting accurate results and would totally mess up any kind of experiments or test they carry out. Communicating in a team is vital and makes the organization of a process even and efficient. The work carried out by scientists and technicians relies on the arrangement of the team they work in and the way each of the team member acts. Many work places have a hierarchy, which means that the most senior person will have various levels of people reporting to them. A hierarchy depends on how big a team is and the routines that are carried out. This is also very important because it keeps a balance in the workplace and makes sure everything is well organised. The results generated in a workplace will be precise to that workplace. Whatever the results are, they ought to be only being communicated to those who need to know them. This is extremely vital for the reason that confidentiality is really important in a scientific work place, especially if the scientist have discovered something new. It is extremely important that scientific terminology is used and understood by the team members in order for effective communication so that no one is misunderstood and could lead to errors because of misunderstanding. Different types of communication in a scientific workplace. Meetings are an effective way to converse matters in the workplace and make decisions or plans. It allows discussions between colleagues about current affairs in the scientific workplace and other important news, so if they have any problems while working they can bring it up in the meetings. Things like health and safety are great to talk about in meetings to improve laboratory work. There will always be new people joining the workplace, or even visitors, it is an important to hold an induction for new comers so that they are shown the correct and current lab procedures and practices to know how the workplace is run. This helps them to know how to do/carry out certain procedures in the lab and also gives them a clearer understanding on safety hazards/regulations. Emails are a professional way to communicate with colleagues as it is fast and safe. Bulletins and newsletters inform the scientists and technicians of the workplace current information that is important to know. These can be communicated through magazines, emails or just leaflets. Signs around the lab are vital as they give out key important information in case of emergencies and just general information. Signs are always noticeable and can be seen clearly which promotes health and safety. Having signs around the work place is extremely helpful because it shows exactly what you need, where and what is does. Verbal communication is the most significant type of communication as it allows information to be given directly to another worker. Verbal communication is understood more clearly and further questions and data can be given for clarification if something may not be understood in first instance. This is the best way of communicating because it is said directly to the worker itself, plus if the worker hasnt understood then they can ask right away. This makes verbal communication in a scientific workplace the fastest type of communication. D1 Analyse why laboratory procedures and practices must be clearly communicated Procedures and practices in a scientific workplace are extremely important to be communicated very clearly because this will also improve the safety of the employee because their employer have the responsibility to monitor that all the procedures are being communicated correctly and the practices are also being communicated clearly as well. This is also because if they are communicated clearly they will be fewer accidents at work and will also give a great chance of the experiment being accurate because operations will be done in appropriate and safe manner. This also reduces a number of common mistakes and increases the companys productivity and as well as financial income, this will also help them to save more money on things such as compensation and insurances. When procedures and practices are not communicated clearly, employees will be involved in accidents which can be fatal or might not be fatal but either way they can seriously get injured and the company will have to take the responsibility because they will be the ones who failed to get communication of the procedures and practices clearly to their employee. So then this will also lead to the company making losses, the activities being carried out by the organisation will also have negative impacts to the environment and all other living organisms. This will also affect biodiversity as a result, this because the procedures and practices are set there for a reason to avoid all this from happening and therefore they are supposed to be communicated clearly.

The Nile Egyptian Schools

The Nile Egyptian Schools I have accepted a new position in a new school. The school is new in everything; new school campus, new staff and team, new students, and last but not least a new system. The later is what concerns me; it also interests me and is what I find challenging. I believe it is a great idea and deeply hope it works. It is important to remember that starting an assessment of a program should not wait until the school starts. An evaluation plan should be part of the planning of the initiation of the school, and should be implemented when the teaching begins and even before once the students are accepted. And so, documentation starts from the beginning, and baseline data on students, teachers, and administration personnel can be collected before instruction begins (Fleischman Williams, 1996). The Nile Egyptian Schools Mission states that: NES will provide quality affordable education that is locally and internationally recognized and accredited. The Schools will be recognized for excellence in teaching and learning characterized by quality facilities, strong effective leadership, outstanding teachers and excellent community support. NES will prepare students for academic success and encourage them to be responsible and productive citizens with a strong Egyptian identity. The vision of the school: The Nile Egyptian Schools will provide Egypt with world class citizens who can serve globally as ambassadors of excellence and help position Egypt as a vibrant nation keen on achieving progress, prosperity and well-being for its citizens and the world community. The schools website also shows the aims and values of the school; The NES aim to meet International education standards in terms of recognized curricula, certified teachers, qualified administrative staff and school buildings constructed and equipped to contemporary international standards. These not-for-profit schools will provide high education at affordable fees in partnership with civil society. The curriculum has been designed to meet the needs of the individual learners in the twenty first century, whilst taking account of the aim and objectives of NES project and of Egyptian standards. The system is based on the principles of humanism, tolerance, diversity, democracy, and open-mindedness. The Nile schools are going to be twenty-nine schools; for now, only five will open. The plan is to open one school in every governorate; which would entail a great diversity in the students and in the cultures of each school. The students profiles are going to be extremely diverse, from Upper Egypt in Aswan to Alexandria and Port Said. As such the students will have the same curriculum, same facilities but different teachers and different backgrounds. My students at El-Obour branch will be assessed and compared to other students in the other schools. I find this challenging and needs to be put in consideration when I am evaluating the course and its outcomes. Reflecting on the mission and vision of the schools, and on my new role as the head of the science department in a new school it came to mind that I would need different tools to help me evaluate the teachers in the department, their teaching methods, their ability to interact and handle the students. As such is the case I am attempting to research and probably find or design a tool that would help me achieve my goal. I chose to adopt this framework and tried to adapt it to my needs. This framework, presented here includes both the process and outcome side. It also, focuses on the students and their individuality. Accordingly, I would be able to determine the effectiveness of the science program execution, also understand how the curriculum and teaching process produced this result and how the program could be upgraded to produce a better result more efficiently. To reach the goal of assessing the program and evaluating the outcome, there are three components that should be addressed. Data should be collected and used from these perspectives.  · Students;  · Instruction; and  · Outcomes. Each one is described below. Students This part of the evaluation tool should focus on the students information including, for example, grade level, age, the culture where they are in is it urban or rural (according to the location of the school), socio-economic background (e.g. parents education), skills, grades and test scores from previous schools and all through the year. This data has a great descriptive value; it is also useful for comparisons between other students in the same school or in the other school branches. All the Nile Egyptian schools are providing the same services to all students, but students backgrounds and cultures are going to differ according to the school location. For this I would use these two sheets one general and one specific for each student. This data could be collected once at the beginning of the year and updated if needed. It could be distributed to the parents and filled to save time. I would need this information when reviewing the collective data; it will be also useful when comparing with other schools. The general sheet: Questions How many students are in the same grade in my school (El-Obour)? Number of students taking science in each grade. How many students are in the same grade in all NESs? Number of students taking science in each grade. How many students are in the class to be observed class? Number of students in class. What is the students level in language and science? Scores on achievement tests from previous schools. What is the students basic scientific knowledge before? Scores on a pre-test related to curriculum being evaluated; i.e. an MCQ test to be given on the first or second class session. Second sheet (for individual students): Name Grade Age/ Gender Grade from previous school Comments Instruction (teaching and teaching materials) I think this part is the very essence of my job. I will eventually be leading a team of science teachers asked to deliver the curriculum by the means and the facilities available. According to the school profile, state of the art facilities that are highly technological and laboratory equipment would be available. Through monitoring and observing using an assessment tool I would be able to evaluate the process by which the outcomes or results were achieved and by what is actually taking place in the classroom, rather than what was planned to happen. This would allow us to work on the weaknesses and share the strengths with the other branches. As such I believe my role as a monitor of the science program, whether in the classroom, the laboratory or elsewhere, like field trips inside and outside the school is my number one task. To observe how the program is implemented, and develop teacher training activities that would help them. I would have to include instructional measurable objectives, hours of teaching, teacher characteristic, experience, and innovation in my assessment tool. Being the instructional leader would entail not only observations and evaluations but also building rapport with the teachers and meeting with them before and after class observations, and on regular basis to share ideas and experiences. I would like it too, if the teachers on my team would attend some of my classes; it is good for my professional development, it would also enhance the sense of team collegiality. Pre-observation Conference Date: Teachers Name:______________________ What and when would you like to be observed? (maybe set a time frame for my visit; like in the next week) How do you feel about the lesson? Walk me through your lesson plan. Why did you choose this lesson? What do you want the students to learn by the end of the lesson? How will you check if they got it? What concerns you the most about this lesson? Take me through your lesson plan What is the teaching strategy you want to be observed in this lesson? Classroom management, positive support, instructional monitoring, questioning, other instructional strategies Why did you choose this behavior? Observation instruments to be with me in the lesson while observation: Lesson plan Seating chart and where I would sit Notebook Other: Special conditions/students Reflect on Learning outcome/ objectives met Classroom management Teaching behavior focus Set the date for the post-conference meeting time and place: Any questions? (This sheet is adapted from M. MacCormick 2006) Post-Conference Date: Teachers Name:_____________________ How do you feel about the lesson? My feelings Were the learning objectives achieved?) Teachers comment My comment Discuss changes or suggestions if the lesson would be done again or differently, what would be needed? Classroom Management Teachers comment My comment Suggestions for next classes Teaching Behavior Focus Teachers comment My comment Discuss changes Future training Plan The teachers next teaching behavior focus Develop a training plan with the teacher Summary Summarize and record what was discussed Try to put the conclusions in points I have to remember to give encouraging statement Questions? Complete record of the observation cycle summary Give an estimated time for the next class visit (This sheet is adapted from M. MacCormick 2006) I would like also to use this next tool to have background information of the classes and teachers. This tool also helps me to be clear and set or request from the top management the appropriate training and development programs. Questions Variables 1. What are the measurable objectives? Are these objectives stated clearly? Unit or chapter goals and lesson objectives 2. What are the total hours of teaching per week? Hours/ week 3. What is the teacher/student ratio? Number of students/ class 4. What are the teachers qualifications and experience)? Teachers previous experience 5. What is the type of training available to teachers? Are they fitting and enough? Training and development activities 6. What are the teachers tools, materials and instruments available? Are they suitable and used? Materials and equipment available. (Adapted from Hopstock, Young, and Zehler, 1993 cited in Davis (Gene), 2005) Outcomes This is the last part of what I feel is an effective evaluation; It deals with what to do next. The results of the Cambridge exams are going to be a very important part of the evaluation of the outcome. The top management will look at these results as the sole reflection on the educational process. On the other hand I would like to put into consideration the project work of the students and their portfolios. By this we can evaluate the outcome using both authentic and traditional assessment tools. Assessment is a way we can document our progress. A systematic, ongoing cycle of setting goals or objectives, measuring the achievement of those goals, and using these results to make knowledgeable decisions vital for the departments continuous improvement (Davis (Gene), 2005). Good assessment can enhance the quality of education by providing the necessary evidence to guide us to make the best decisions we can make in many areas: including changes in curriculum, classroom teaching methodology, support individual students, and improvement of the school culture. In other words, we need to know where were standing before we can go any further. In addition to the benefits I will get in my department and school, we, the NESs could use this assessment to improve as a new educational system. With these three key purposes of assessment in mind: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To improve Evaluation should be formative. Assessment provides feedback to help form better programs and services. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To inform Assessment should show a clear image of what is really happening in a classroom or laboratory and can inform others of the effort that is done there. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To demonstrate A good assessment process can answer three related questions: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are we trying to do? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How well are we doing it? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How are we using what we discover to improve what we will do in the future? The following diagram illustrates this cycle of goal setting tied to evaluations (Davis (Gene), 2005). Analysis of data and presenting it for further use: After collecting the data, starts the next step in the process of evaluation, data analysis and producing a report. This is important for the documentation and writing recommendations to be checked in the next cycle. The evaluation report will include: A description of the achievements of the program, stating and highlighting those instructional methods that were the most effective; A description instructional elements that were unproductive, inefficient and even problematic it will also state areas that need improvement in the future; and A description of the outcomes and the effect of the material taught and how it was delivered on the students as shown by their test scores as well as their portfolios. Thorough observation with accurate documentation will make the data useful for and allow us to make well informed decisions to improve the curriculum and the way it is delivered. In other words, the evaluation report is a tool supporting decision making, program improvement, accountability, and quality control (Davis (Gene), 2005).

Report on PEP :: Business Objectives Management Essays

Report on PEP Task 1 Describe and explain PEP’s business objectives, using its mission statement and other information Evaluate and explain how successful PEP appear to be in meeting each of these objectives. A mission statement is a written statement setting out the general aims of a business. This is also known as a business objective. PEP is a business, which has been set up to produce good quality products and excellent customer service, as most businesses have aims and objectives. Examples below show some basic aims and objectives a business might have:  · Make a profit  · Provide goods and services for their customers  · Survive and expand the business  · Improve the quality of goods and services  · Compete against other businesses  · To be environmentally friendly PEP is a family business with a good history that provides good quality products to customers. PEP has issued a mission statement that shows what the business is aiming for. These are listed below,  · Preserve a good family atmosphere in keeping with our great tradition  · Achieve increasing profit to reward our shareholders and reinvest in our business  · Produce the best electrical appliances to the UK and export markets  · Provide excellent service to our customers PEP’s need to maintain a good family atmosphere to meet their objectives because†¦ if the business starts to disagree with their employees then the employee might decide to leave which could cause a disturbance in the business. If PEP begins to lose their employees, the business could risk failure. To prevent this from happening, the employees should communicate with each other either internally or externally and be friendly. People can communicate with each other in many ways e.g. internal or external meaning in or outside of the business, up, down and across the business hierarchy and formal or informal. Motivating the workforce can be a massive advantage for PEP because motivating by making them feel valued and part of a team means the employees the workforce can work better which means improved quality of product or service to customers and therefore improve results for PEP. All businesses need to make a profit or a surplus. Profit is the money left over after all the expenses has been paid. Profit provides money for further growth, investment and rewarding the owner(s) as well as their shareholders. PEP need to increase their sales and market shares in order to make a profit. Shareholders are people who have a share in the business, they have invested money into the business so if the business does not do well the shareholders lose out. Therefore, it is vital for the business to increase the profit.

Differences of Love in Shakespeares Romeo and Juleit Essay -- Shakespe

Two lovers, different in beliefs, yet the same in thoughts and feelings, are set to have a tragic ending in their life story. In William Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays differences between the love of Romeo for Juliet, and the love of Juliet for Romeo. Many people often wonder why this love between Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet did not turn out for the best. It is not their love for one another that finally breaks them apart from the world, it is the way they love one another. The couple struggled to the death trying to make their passionate love work out with each other, but their many differences kept coming up in their lives and getting in the way of their love. While Romeo is a Manic lover and Juliet is an Erotic lover, their love is more likely to be star-crossed. Romeo is a Manic type of lover, which is the main reason why The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet did not have a happy ending. There are many examples of Romeo being a Manic lover. One good example is when he is talking to Friar Lawrence the morning after Romeo meets Juliet and sneaks away to her house to woo her. Romeo says to Friar Lawrence, ?Then plainly know my hearts dear love is set / On the fair daughter of rich Capulet, / As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine?/ We met, we wooed, and made exchange of vow?/ That thou consent to marry us today? (II, iii, 57-59, 62, 64). This explains how Romeo becomes intensely preoccupied with thoughts of Juliet and need for Juliet?s love. Romeo?s heart is set on Juliet, and he can?t stop thinking about her. Inside, Romeo also knows that Juliet loves him, too, and her heart is set on his. Love at first sight is quick on Romeo. After less than one day of knowing her, Romeo has ... ...n love at first sight, this story may have had a different ending. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare clearly displays the tragic ending between Romeo and Juliet. The tragedy is not because of their love for one another, but for the differences between the ways they loved each other. Romeo was too fast for Juliet, and Juliet was too ideal for Romeo. If Romeo had been an Erotic lover, or Juliet had been a Manic lover, this tragedy may have ended up differently. It may not have even been a tragedy at all. Despite all the struggles between differences and families, Romeo and Juliet still had a very passionate love for each other at the ending, although it did not turn out as they had first planned. Romeo and Juliet?s love for one another did not have a truly happy ending, because the love between Romeo and Juliet was star-crossed from the beginning.

My First and Last hike in Poly Canyon Essay -- Personal Narrative Hiki

My First and Last hike in Poly Canyon I knew it was coming. A couple weeks before, I received an introductory email from my instructor explaining the textbook we needed and providing a link to the class website. I selected the link and navigated curiously around the site, arriving at last at the class itinerary. To my horror, I saw planned on the third class day a â€Å"moderately strenuous hike over steep, rough ground.† Subsequent readings of this statement produced the same result, and so I resigned myself to impending doom. And so it was that I found myself standing on a dirt and gravel road, surrounded by equally sleepy classmates at 7:30 am, Monday morning. We all huddled within our baggy jackets, unconsciously mirroring one another in loose jeans, gray or black t-shirts and scuffed, dusty running shoes. In contrast the instructor appeared wide awake and put together, standing before us in a green sweater, pressed khaki slacks and well-worn yet well-maintained hiking boots. He perkily welcomed us to the threshold of Poly Canyon, and with other preliminary descriptions of the upcoming landscape turned and headed down the long, winding service road. Being so close to the pacific coast- a mere ten or twelve miles- a thick marine layer had rolled in during the night, and the waning summer sun had not yet mustered the heat to dispel it. We moved to the crunch and scrape of rubber sole on loose stone, passing ancient monoliths of serpentine stone that jutted from the mountain on either side. Vague silhouettes of live oaks and yucca plants loomed from the morning mist, and occasionally a hoarse crow would cry out. Above and beside us power lines carried electricity to private homes hidden down the road, occasionally... ...e distant than ever surrounded as I was by other life forms. What, I pondered, was my purpose there? Was I predator or prey, virulent or benevolent, useful or worthless? In nature, the strong and necessary survive and prosper, while the weak and redundant are mercifully removed for the good of the system. I solemnly asked myself which I was, and was relieved when like deer the answer retreated from view, filed away in the archives of my mind for future perusal. Giving Poly Canyon a final glance around, I followed their examples and left that ethereal place to meld once more with the world of Man. I did not see my instructor nor my classmates again that day, and was content to be left alone with my meditations. It was an experience I would not trade, though I will admit that I am never setting foot in Poly Canyon again; once is definitely more than enough. My First and Last hike in Poly Canyon Essay -- Personal Narrative Hiki My First and Last hike in Poly Canyon I knew it was coming. A couple weeks before, I received an introductory email from my instructor explaining the textbook we needed and providing a link to the class website. I selected the link and navigated curiously around the site, arriving at last at the class itinerary. To my horror, I saw planned on the third class day a â€Å"moderately strenuous hike over steep, rough ground.† Subsequent readings of this statement produced the same result, and so I resigned myself to impending doom. And so it was that I found myself standing on a dirt and gravel road, surrounded by equally sleepy classmates at 7:30 am, Monday morning. We all huddled within our baggy jackets, unconsciously mirroring one another in loose jeans, gray or black t-shirts and scuffed, dusty running shoes. In contrast the instructor appeared wide awake and put together, standing before us in a green sweater, pressed khaki slacks and well-worn yet well-maintained hiking boots. He perkily welcomed us to the threshold of Poly Canyon, and with other preliminary descriptions of the upcoming landscape turned and headed down the long, winding service road. Being so close to the pacific coast- a mere ten or twelve miles- a thick marine layer had rolled in during the night, and the waning summer sun had not yet mustered the heat to dispel it. We moved to the crunch and scrape of rubber sole on loose stone, passing ancient monoliths of serpentine stone that jutted from the mountain on either side. Vague silhouettes of live oaks and yucca plants loomed from the morning mist, and occasionally a hoarse crow would cry out. Above and beside us power lines carried electricity to private homes hidden down the road, occasionally... ...e distant than ever surrounded as I was by other life forms. What, I pondered, was my purpose there? Was I predator or prey, virulent or benevolent, useful or worthless? In nature, the strong and necessary survive and prosper, while the weak and redundant are mercifully removed for the good of the system. I solemnly asked myself which I was, and was relieved when like deer the answer retreated from view, filed away in the archives of my mind for future perusal. Giving Poly Canyon a final glance around, I followed their examples and left that ethereal place to meld once more with the world of Man. I did not see my instructor nor my classmates again that day, and was content to be left alone with my meditations. It was an experience I would not trade, though I will admit that I am never setting foot in Poly Canyon again; once is definitely more than enough.

Chpl 500

The Early History of The Chaplaincy Liberty University Theological Seminary A Writing assignment Presented to Dr. Steve Smith In partial fulfillment for the course Introduction to Chaplaincy ministry CHPL 500 By Watson Rugano (L223514216) May 17th, 2011 Although it is still open for debate, there are suggestions that chaplaincy, as a function in the military, can be traced in the Old Testament. Consider the battle of the Israelites and the Amalekites.The children of Israel experienced victory as long Moses held his hands up in Prayer to God. Another example that is discussed in the book deals with the Priests who carried the Ark of the Covenant in some of the battles the Israelites were engaged in. Gideon is also looked at as playing the roles of a prophet, priest, and general. Doris Bergen is of the opinion that, â€Å"pointing to ancient precedents lends legitimacy and prestige to modern military chaplaincies, but it does not always accurately always reflect development in the pas t. The word chaplain as we know it today was coined from the Latin word capellanus which was derived from what Doris Bergen says was â€Å"the great royal relic of the patron saint of the Franks, the cappa. † But evidence of chaplains accompanying soldiers in battle was first noted with the Romans army in fifth century. Some of the duties that they performed involved caring for them by offering prayers and conducting mass. But an important aspect in the duties of the chaplain in those early days is best understood by a term Doris Bergen credits to Michael McCormick, which is, â€Å"liturgy of war. In liturgy of war, the chaplains â€Å"were not only part of an effort to achieve victory, they also represented a promise to warriors that their actions were just as good. † Some liturgical texts contain words uttered by soldiers in battle suggesting the influence of â€Å"religion. † The Roman soldiers were known to cry out loud, â€Å"Nobiscum, Deus! †-†Å"God is with us! † The Frankish warriors on the other hand would, together with their king, march around their camp â€Å"in procession, singing kyries and responding to their assembled priests’ chants: To Lord Charles and his army of the Franks, long life and victory! with the proto-Romance refrain, â€Å"Tu lo juval! † â€Å"(O God) Help him. The liturgy of war reveals how those entrusted with the spiritual care of the soldiers were used and also how those soldiers were affected by the words of the religious men among them. Constantine is known to have claimed seeing a vision of the cross which was an indication of divine help. And if his soldiers were to paint the symbol of the cross on their shields then, victory would be granted.His victory over the Roman Empire begun what was to be the Christianization of the conquered territory. But it was during the rise of the Carolingian monarchy that seems to have changed the history of war rituals. Doris Bergen men tions three factors that contributed to this change. These were, interest in performance of liturgy, nature of warfare had changed and ambition of the new monarchy which believed that both their activities were divinely sanctioned and that the ruler bore personal responsibility for subjects’ minds and souls.The revival of liturgy credited to the Carolingians and the application of a different kind of warfare in the middle east by the warriors of the first crusade that resulted in great success, would later give birth to what Doris calls â€Å"A new kind of war, a crusade, and with it, the liturgical rites that appeared to have stood the warriors of God in such good stead. Swathed in the success of the conquest of Jerusalem, the future of the liturgy of war was assured. †

Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Albert Banduras Social cognitive theory is exceedingly important in understanding the exactlytes and elements that allure compassionate being encyclopedism. unitary lieu of Banduras theory is the interior(a) capacity of homophile beings to be agents of counterchange and human surgical procedurees. With this in mind, Bandura presented whatever human internal and external factors that influence the process of being an agent of change. Social cognitive theory, under the agentic perspective, relies on human intentions as a means to establish adepts connection to kind structures base on terzetto modes of delegation bet personal result, proxy elbow room, and joint execution.These three modes of agency acknowledge the role of interdependence on how human beings bequeath be open to manage human learning and processes that constitute life. Human agency necessitates the unbiddenness and intentions of human beings to carry out things through highly make thinking a nd actions. The results of an individuals thinking and actions under the perspective of human agency testament attend individuals to undergo self-development and reconstruction in rove for them to adapt to various life concerns. match to Bandura, human agency constitutes various shopping center features intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness. Intentionality requires the willingness of human beings to do something in lodge to achieve desire results. Social functions make it birth to desir adequate, mutual, and advantageous family relationships if individuals are willing enough to be go into part of it. collaborative activities, for instance, work out well if individuals snap into account the desirable outcomes that might come out of it.Forethought complements intentionality, as it is interested with looking and planning ahead. Bandura suggested that if forethoughts are move and desirable enough for individuals, then it will wield the intent ion of doing things that will finally lead to its realization. For instance, an individual works with otherwise for a cause but perceives that the relationship will be hostile and unproductive. His non-motivating judgment will not contribute to intentionality to fit out time and effort to nurture the relationship.To continue, self-reactiveness dialogue about being able to motivate, but at the same time place oneself in terms of thinking and taking action. On the other hand, self-reflectiveness is established on the concept of introspection where one is able to evaluate actions and behaviors and determine how to fortify or change them. Aside from the core features of human agency, the three modes of agency influence the process of social cognition. Direct personal agency looks into the unswerving involvement of the individual to come to at desired results.Intentionality, forethought, and self-reactiveness come into flow to motivate individuals to influence the social struct ure. However, when individuals are unable to control it, they rely on proxy agency. The proxy agency constitutes other individuals or means to achieve the desired result, as the individuals unfitness to influence the birth of the outcome is unperceived. Moreover, when operate personal agency and proxy agency do not seem to get to desired results within social structures, the collective agency gives off its value.The collective agency looks into the combined efforts to achieve goals and objectives. The collective agency relies on group functioning to shelter desired results. The nature of social structures is highly dependent on how individuals are able to perceive and establish it. At some points, social structures are reliant on the intentions, perceptions, and motivations of individuals to commit to actions and behaviors that will influence how these social structures will be shaped.Aside from the internal influences that might bear weight on the nature of social structures, mo des of agencies will withal affect how the process will be accomplished. Establishing social structures, under the three modes of agency, will depend on the direct influence of an individual, the dominance of other individuals and means to accomplish results, and the efficiency of group functioning to consume social structural goals and objectives.